Modern World History U2

Liberalism

Political belief that the rights of the individual are permanent.

Constitutionalism

A belief that a nation should have a constitution that everyone follows.

Romanticism

An intellectual movement that emerged at the end of the eighteenth century in reaction to the Enlightenment; it stressed feelings, emotion, and imagination as sources of knowing.

Socialism

A political and economic theory advocating for collective or governmental ownership and administration of the means of production and distribution of goods.

Eugene Delacroix

A leading artist of the Romantic movement.

Ludwig van Beethoven

A composer whose works spanned the transition between the Classical and Romantic eras.

Mary Shelley

The creator of Frankenstein, associated with Romanticism.

Charles Dickens

An author who depicted the realities of life during the lower and middle classes in the Industrial Age.

Plebiscite

A popular vote.

Kaiser

German for 'caesar'; the title of the emperors of the Second German Empire.

Napoleon III

The first President of France and the last French monarch.

Alexander II

The Emperor of Russia who emancipated the serfs.

Camillo di Cavour

A liberal monarchist who wanted a united Italy ruled under a constitution by the king of Piedmont-Sardinia.

William I

The first German Emperor, who played a crucial role in the unification of Germany.

Creoles

Spanish persons born in colonial Latin America.

Peninsulares

A Spanish official who resided temporarily in Latin America for political and economic gain.

Caudillos

Military or political dictators in Latin America.

Jose de San Martin

A leader in the struggle for independence in South America, hailed as a liberator.

Simon Bolivar

A key figure in the Latin American independence movement, known for liberating several countries.

Monroe Doctrine

The 1823 declaration that the Americas were off limits for European colonization and intervention.

Benito Juarez

A Mexican national hero who implemented liberal reforms, including land distribution and public education.

Franco-Prussian War: date, people, how they won, significance

1870, Otto Van Bismark, starved the french people, payed 5 billion francs and gave up Alsace and Lorraine

Otto Van Bismark’s first war: date, who, significance

1866, Prussia-Austria, ended the German Confederation

German Confederation: purpose, two more powerful states

was supposed to unite german states after napoleon was defeated, designed to limit Prussia and Austria

Unified Germany: type of gov, liberal concession, majority in house

federation, male suffrage, Prussia

Congress of Vienna

Attempted to put an end to liberalism and liberal reforms with the 'Holy Alliance' of Russia, Austria and Prussia’s military power, sought to put former monarchs back on their thrones.

Concert of Europe

Conservatives in France, Austria, Russia, Germany, and GB met to limit revolutionary outbreaks and maintain the power balance, the Crimean War ended it

Crimean War

The Ottoman Empire declared war on the Russian Empire after it invaded Turkey. France and GB allied with the Ottoman Empire and they humiliated the Russians. Austria and Russia, the main powers of the concert of Europe, were now enemies because Austria didn’t help Russia, so the concert of europe has destroyed. Austria also became less powerful without Russia and this led to the German and Italian Unifications.

Liberation of serfs in Russia: date, who, significance

Alexander, 1861, freed the serfs and made landlords give them land but they kept the good land and the serfs starved without fertile crops

Austria-Hungary Compromise: when, significance

1867, dual monarchy and gave hungary equal status

Slavery Abolition: date, who, why

1833, GB, industrial revolution

Haitian Revolution: date, who

1791-1804, Toussaint-Louverture

Mexicano Revolution: date, who

1810, Miguel Hidalgo y Castilla

Italian Revolution: dates, leaders

1848-1871, Guiseppe Garibaldi and Prime Minister

Guiseppe Garibaldi

a radical and famous general

Guiseppe Manzinni

a republican who wanted a republic

Count Cavor

a liberal monarchist who wanted Italy united under a constitution, Prime Minister of Sardinia