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Motivation
a need or desire that energizes and directs behavior
instinct
a complex behavior that is rigidly patterned throughout a species and is unlearned
drive reduction theory
physiological needs create an aroused, motivated state, a drive that pushes us to behave in a way that reduces the need and returns the body to homeostasis
homeostasis
tendency to maintain a balanced of constant internal state; regulation on any body chemistry
ex: body temperature, blood pressure
self-determination theory
proposes that people are motivated by intrinsic or extrinsic motivators
incentive theory
explores the role of rewards (which are an extrinsic motivators) in motivating behavior
arousal theory
Having all our biological needs satisfied, we feel driven to experience stimulation.
Yerkes Dodson law
moderate arousal leads to optimal performance
(neither too high or too low arousal level will lead to best performance)
motivational conflict theory
Theory proposes that choices create conflicts one must resolve as the basis of motivation.
sensation seeking theory
Proposes that one’s level of need for varied or novel experiences is the basis for motivation
hypothalamus
performs various body maintenance functions, including control of hunger. Blood vessels supply the hypothalamus, enabling it to respond to our current blood chemistry as well as to incoming neural information about the body’s state.
ghrelin
increases appetite, secreted by an empty stomach
leptin
decreases appetite & increases metabolism, secreted by fat cells
set point
the point (weight) at which your “weight thermostat” may be set (fixed)
emotion
a response of the whole organism,
facial feedback effect
the tendency of facial muscle states to trigger corresponding feelings such as fear, anger, or happiness.
two factor theory of emotions
emotions have two ingredients: physical arousal and cognitive appraisal
broaden and build theory
theory about how the experience of emotions influences our cognition
display rules
a socially learned standard that regulates the expression of emotion.
