Biology - Chapter 35

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Biology

9th

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51 Terms

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Behavior

the sum of an animal's actions, carried out in response to internal and external environmental cues

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Behavioral Ecology

the study of behavior in an evolutionary context

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Two Broad Behavioral Ecology Categories

  1. Proximate Questions
  2. Ultimate Questions
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Proximate Questions

concern the immediate reason for a behavior (how)

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Ultimate Questions

evolutionary explanations for a behavior (why)

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Innate Behaviors

behaviors that are not learned

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Fixed Action Patterns (FAPs)

a series of actions triggered by a specific stimulus, once started, the sequence has to be performed in its entirety

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Studies have shown that behaviors…

have both a genetic component as well as an environmental component

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Learning

The modification of behavior due to specific experiences

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Habituation

Learning to ignore a repeated stimulus

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Imprinting

Critical learning about home, parents, and signals. It is limited to a specific sensitive period.

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Spatial Learning

Establishing memories of landmarks

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Spatial Learning includes

Kinesis, Positive Taxis, and Migration

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Kinesis

Moving toward a positive area and away from a negative area

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Positive Taxis

Seen with fish swimming upstream to a spawning ground

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Migration

develop symbolic cognitive maps

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Associative Learning

Links a behavior with a reward or punishment

(includes trial and error)

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Social Learning

Acquired by observing others

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Problem Solving

Inventive behavior that arises in response to a new situation

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Fixed Action Pattern (FAP) example

Geese with eggs

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Habituation Example

Ignoring background noise

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Spatial Learning Example

Squirrels burring nuts

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Migration Example

Whales + Birds

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Associative Learning Example

Dog associates eating with the sound of a bell

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Social Learning Example

Learning from teachers

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Problem Solving Example

Math

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Foraging

A food obtaining behavior

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Optimal Foraging Theory

An animal's feeding behavior should provide maximum energy gain with minimum energy expense and risk

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Search Images

One way to find food efficiently

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Communication

The sending, receiving, and responding to signals

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Communication can occur through…

Sounds, Visuals, Chemicals (smells)

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Communication is…

More important and complex in social species

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Reproductive success can be enhanced through…

Mating Behaviors and Parental Care

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Mating Behaviors

Can include elaborate courtship rituals

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Mating Behavior ---> Courtship Ritual Example

Bird songs

Bird dances

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Mating Systems

Promiscuous

Monogamous

Polygamous

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Promiscuous Mating System

no strong bonding between pairs

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Monogamous Mating System

A bond between a male and female with shared care over young

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Polygamous Mating System

One male with several females (typically)

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Social Behavior

Any kind of interaction between two or more animals of the same species

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Social Behaviors include

Defending territory, agnostic behaviors, dominance hierarchy, and altruism

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Territory

an area that one or more individuals defend and from which other members of the same species are excluded

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Territory Example

Land (used for raising young)

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Agnostic Behaviors

Used when conflicts arise over limited resources like food, mates, or territories

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Agnostic Behavior Example

A rattlesnake rattling

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Dominance Hierarchy

A ranking of individuals based on social interactions

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Dominance Hierarchy Example

Wolves

Hens

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Altruism

A behavior that reduces an individual's fitness while increasing the fitness of others

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Kin Selection

Natural selection which favors altruistic behavior towards relatives

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Human Behavior is…

Shaped by both genetics and environmental factors

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Studies with identical twins suggest

Half of behavior is genetics and half is products of the environment