AP PSYCHOLOGY UNIT 2: Cognitive Psychology Set II

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cognition

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20 Terms

1

cognition

all the mental activities associated with thinking, knowing, remembering, and communicating

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2

prototype

a mental image or best example of a category. matching new items to a prototype provides a quick and easy method for sorting items into categories

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3

creativity

the ability to produce novel and valuable ideas

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4

convergent thinking

narrows the available problem solutions to determine the single best solution

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5

divergent thinking

expands the number of possible problem solutions (creative thinking that diverges in different directions)

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6

algorithm

a methodical, logical rule or procedure that guarantees solving a particular problem. contrasts with the usually speedier- but also more error-prone- use of heuristics

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7

heuristic

a simple thinking strategy that often allows us to make judgements and solve problems efficiently; usually speedier but also more error-prone than algorithms

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8

confirmation bias

a tendency to search for information that supports our preconceptions and to ignore or distort contradictory evidence

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9

mental set

a tendency to approach a problem in one particular way, often a way that has been successful in the past

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10

representative heuristic

judging the likelihood of things in terms of how well they seem to represent, or match, particular prototypes; may lead us to ignore other relevant information

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11

availability heuristic

estimating the likelihood of events based on their availability of memory; if instances come readily to mind (perhaps because of their vividness), we presume such events are common

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12

belief perseverance

clinging to one’s initial conceptions after the basis on which they were formed has been discredited

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13

framing

the way an issue is posed; how an issue is framed can significantly affect decisions and judgements

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14

phoneme

in a language, the smallest distinctive sound unit

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15

morpheme

in a language, the smallest unit that carries meaning; may be a word or a part of a word (such as a prefix)

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16

grammar

in a language, a system of rules that enables us to communicate with and understand others

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17

linguistic determinism

Whorf’s hypothesis that language determines the way we think

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18

aphasia

impairment of language, usually caused by left-hemisphere damage either to Broca’s area (impairing speaking) or to Wernicke’s area (impairing understanding)

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19

Broca’s Area

controls language expression- an area of the frontal lobe, usually in the left hemisphere, that directs the muscle movements involved in speech

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20

Wernicke’s Area

controls language reception- a brain area involved in language comprehension and expression; usually in the left temporal lobe

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