Chapter 3

Pueblo Revolt

A 1680 uprising of the Pueblo Indians against Spanish rule in New Mexico, primarily due to oppressive practices and cultural suppression.

Popé

A Pueblo leader who organized the Pueblo Revolt against Spanish colonizers in 1680.

Spanish policy after Revolt

Post-Pueblo Revolt, the Spanish adopted a policy of accommodation towards the Pueblos, learning from previous conflicts.

Franciscans

Missionaries who worked with the Pueblos to convert them to Christianity during the Spanish colonial period.

Diego de Vargas

Spanish governor who reestablished control over New Mexico in 1692 after the Pueblo Revolt.

Beaver Wars

A series of military expeditions conducted by the Iroquois to take control of the fur trade, primarily against the Hurons.

Opechancanough

Native leader who led an assault against English settlers in Virginia in 1622.

Headright grants

A system that awarded large parcels of land to wealthy colonists who transported workers from England, helping to populate the Chesapeake.

Encomienda System

Spanish labor system that granted colonists authority over groups of Native Americans, forcing them to labor in exchange for protection and religious instruction.

Jamestown

The first permanent English settlement in North America, founded in 1607.

Mayflower Compact

An agreement signed by the Pilgrims in 1620 that established self-government in the Plymouth Colony.

Plymouth Colony

The first English colony in New England, established by the Pilgrims.

Massachusetts Bay Colony

A colony established by a group of Puritan merchants, aiming to create a society based on their religious ideals.

'A city on a hill'

A metaphor used by John Winthrop to describe the Massachusetts Bay Colony as a model of Christian charity and example for others.

Covenant Chain

An alliance between the Iroquois Confederacy and the colony of New York, solidifying Iroquois dominance in the region.

King Philip's War

A conflict between Native Americans, led by Metacom, and English settlers in New England, resulting from territorial disputes.

Salem Witch Trials

A series of hearings and prosecutions of people accused of witchcraft in colonial Massachusetts, driven by social tensions.

Nathaniel Bacon

A planter who led a rebellion (Bacon's Rebellion) against Native Americans and colonial government in Virginia in 1676.

Dutch West India Company

A Dutch company that organized the fur trade and played a key role in establishing the Dutch colonies in America.

Royal Governor Edmund Andros

The royal governor who enforced Anglican worship in Puritan communities, which ultimately led to discontent.

Proprietary Colony

A colony owned by a specific individual or family with the power to appoint officials, as exemplified by Maryland.

Freemen

Members of the corporation in the Massachusetts Bay Colony who had the right to vote and govern.

Cod fishery

The main source of revenue for the Pilgrims, fishing for cod in the Atlantic Ocean.