Chapter 3
* What happened in 1680 that caused the Pueblo Indians to revolt?
* What were the goals of the Spanish colonists in New Mexico?
* What were some of the hardships that the Pueblos faced under Spanish rule?
* What caused the Pueblo Revolt of 1680?
* What did Popé do after the Pueblo Revolt?
* What happened to the Pueblo Revolt after Popé was deposed?
* What happened when Diego de Vargas returned to New Mexico in 1692?
* What was the Spanish policy towards the Pueblos after the Pueblo Revolt?
* How did the Spanish policy towards Native Americans differ in New England, Virginia, and Carolina?
Answer: The Pueblo Indians revolted against the Spanish in 1680 because of the hardships they faced under Spanish rule, including epidemic disease, taxes, labor service, and raids by Apache neighbors. The Spanish colonists' goals were to find precious metals and convert the Pueblos to Christianity. Popé led the Pueblo Revolt and forced the Spanish to flee Santa Fe. After Popé was deposed, the Pueblo Revolt collapsed. When Diego de Vargas returned to New Mexico in 1692, he reestablished Spanish rule, but the Spanish learned from their experience and adopted a policy of accommodation towards the Pueblos. The Spanish policy towards Native Americans differed in the three principal colonial empires in North America: in New England, Virginia, and Carolina, the policy was one of exclusion, while in New Mexico and in French colonies, the policy was one of inclusion.
* What was the purpose of the Spanish forts along the Florida coast?
* What happened after the 1539 expedition of Francisco Vásquez de Coronado?
* Who were the Franciscans and what did they do?
* What happened in 1598?
* What happened during Oñate's siege at Acoma?
* What happened in 1606?
* What happened in 1609?
* What was the colonial economy of New Mexico like?
* What happened after the Pueblo Revolt?
The Spanish forts along the Florida coast were built to protect the convoys carrying wealth from their New World colonies to Spain. After the 1539 expedition of Francisco Vásquez de Coronado failed to turn up fabled cities of gold, Spanish interest in the Southwest faded. The Franciscans were missionaries who worked with the Pueblos. In 1598, Juan de Oñate, the son of a wealthy mining family of New Spain, financed an expedition made up of Indians and mestizos (people of mixed Indian and European ancestry) with the purpose of mining both gold and souls. During Oñate's siege at Acoma, his forces laid waste to the town, killing 800 men, women, and children. All surviving warriors had one of their feet severed, and more than 500 people were enslaved. In 1606 Spanish authorities in Mexico recalled Oñate for his failure to locate the fabled gold mines. In 1609, a new governor founded the capital of Santa Fé, and from this base the Franciscan missionaries penetrated all the surrounding Indian villages. The colonial economy of New Mexico was never very prosperous. Spanish expectations, never very high, were even lower after the Pueblo Revolt and the.
What was the main reason for the population growth in New Mexico?
* Marriages between colonial men and Indian women.
What was the French strategy for the fur trade in the early 17th century?
* To monopolize the northern fur trade by intercepting the traffic in furs.
What was the main reason for the slow population growth in New France?
* The state resolved that New France would be exclusively Catholic.
What was the typical occupation for the sons of habitants in New France?
* They worked as independent traders or coureurs de bois.
What was the main difference between the Spanish and French colonial systems in North America?
* The Spanish program was the conquest of native peoples and their exploitation as a labor force, while the French sought to build an empire through alliance and commerce with independent Indian nations.
What was the main difference between the Spanish and French missionary efforts?
* Spanish missionaries insisted that natives must accept European cultural norms, while Jesuit missionaries in New France learned native languages and attempted to understand native customs.
What is the name of the town in Acadia where French settlements were spread from?
Answer: Port Royal.
What is the name of the post and mission on the Great Lakes where French settlements were spread to?
Answer: Sault Ste. Marie.
What is the name of the two cities that comprised the heart of New France?
Answer: Quebec and Montreal.
What was the size of the United Provinces of the Netherlands compared to France?
Answer: It was only a fraction of the size of France.
What became the site of the world's first stock exchange and investment banks?
Answer: Amsterdam.
What did Dutch investors build?
Answer: The largest commercial fleet in Europe.
What two great monopolies did the United Netherlands organize?
Answer: The Dutch East India Company and the Dutch West India Company.
What did the Dutch East India Company and the Dutch West India Company combine?
Answer: Naval military might and commercial strength.
What did the Dutch traders construct?
Answer: A series of trading posts.
Where did the Dutch first establish themselves in North America?
Answer: On the Hudson River at Fort Orange.
What did the Dutch succeed in overwhelming?
Answer: A small colony of Swedes planted by a Swedish company on the lower Delaware River.
What did the Dutch West India Company negotiate?
Answer: A commercial alliance with the Five Nation Iroquois Confederacy.
What did the Iroquois soon launch?
Answer: A campaign to make themselves into the strategic middlemen of the fur trade.
What did the Iroquois conduct?
Answer: A series of military expeditions against their northern, western, and southern neighbors.
What is the name of the series of military expeditions that the Iroquois conducted?
Answer: Beaver Wars.
Who did the Iroquois attack and disperse?
Answer: The Hurons.
What did the Hurons control?
Answer: The flow of furs from the Great Lakes to their French allies.
What was the first English colony in North America?
* Virginia
What was the name of the first permanent English settlement in North America?
* Jamestown
What was the name of the powerful chief who led the Powhatan Confederacy?
* Wahunsonacook
What was the name of the politically sophisticated union of villages in the Chesapeake?
* Powhatan Confederacy
What was the name of the fort built by the Virginia Company in 1607?
* Jamestown
What was the name of the king who reigned from 1603-1625?
* King James I
What was the name of the war that suspended English efforts to plant colonies in North America?
* England's war with Spain
What was the name of the island where the English attempted to plant colonies in the 1580s?
* Roanoke Island
What was the name of the river where Scandinavians settled in the 17th century?
* Delaware River
What was the name of the river where the Dutch settled in the 17th century?
* Hudson River
What was the name of the region where the English religious dissenters settled in the 17th century?
* New England
How many European nations had established colonies on the Atlantic coast by the middle of the 17th century?
* Seven
* What was the main reason for the English colonists' survival in Jamestown?
* What did the Virginia Company do to try to ensure the colony's success?
* What was the name of the native woman who married John Rolfe?
* What was the main "merchantable commodity" that the Virginia colonists found?
* What was the name of the program that awarded large plantations to wealthy colonists who agreed to transport workers from England?
* What was the name of the native leader who led an assault against the English in 1622?
Answer: The main reason for the English colonists' survival in Jamestown was the help they received from Powhatan. The Virginia Company sent out a large additional force of men, women, and livestock to try to ensure the colony's success. The name of the native woman who married John Rolfe was Pocahontas. The main "merchantable commodity" that the Virginia colonists found was tobacco. The name of the program that awarded large plantations to wealthy colonists who agreed to transport workers from England was the "headright grants" program. The name of the native leader who led an assault against the English in 1622 was Opechancanough.
What is the name of the illustration's author?
* Samuel de Champlain
What year did the illustration take place?
* 1609
What was the French's goal in the illustration?
* To build a commercial empire
What did the French ally with?
* The Huron confederacy
What did the French seek to control?
* Access to the great fur grounds of the West
What did Champlain fire?
* An arquebus
Who did the Iroquois form an alliance with after the confrontation?
* The Dutch
What did the Dutch found?
* A trading colony on the Hudson River
What does the contrast between the Frenchmen and the Indians represent?
* The convention of depicting "civilized" and "savage" nations
What suggests that the illustration was not executed by an eyewitness?
* The palm trees in the background
* Question: What happened to the Virginia Company?
* Answer: The Virginia Company went bankrupt.
* Question: What was the name of the colony founded by the Calverts?
* Answer: Maryland
* Question: What was the name of the first settlement in Maryland?
* Answer: St. Mary's
* Question: What was the main difference between Maryland and Virginia?
* Answer: Maryland was a "proprietary" colony, meaning the Calvert family owned all the land and had the power to appoint officials.
* Question: Why did the Calverts encourage settlement by Catholics?
* Answer: Catholics were persecuted in England.
* Question: What economic pressure did Maryland face?
* Answer: The tobacco plantation economy created a need for more labor and land.
* Question: What system did Maryland adopt to address the economic pressure?
* Answer: The system of headright grants.
What was the main reason why English migrants came to the Chesapeake?
* They came as indentured servants.
What were the terms of indentured servitude?
* Indentured servants worked for a master for a fixed term in exchange for the cost of their transportation to the New World.
What were the main advantages of being a free woman in the Chesapeake?
* Women were in high demand because of the high mortality rate, so they could bargain for a better deal in a remarriage agreement.
What were the main differences between the Chesapeake and New England colonies?
* The Chesapeake was focused on tobacco production, while New England was a haven for Protestant dissenters.
What was the main difference between the English settlers in the Chesapeake and the French settlers in New France?
* The English settlers in the Chesapeake maintained close emotional ties to the mother country, while the French settlers in New France developed a distinctive identity because of their connections with native peoples.
What was the name of the first English colony in New England?
* Plymouth Colony
What was the name of the agreement that established self-government in North America?
* Mayflower Compact
What was the name of the leader of the Pokanokets who helped the Pilgrims?
* Massasoit
What was the main source of revenue for the Pilgrims?
* Cod fishery
What was the name of the group of wealthy Puritans who founded the Massachusetts Bay Colony?
* Massachusetts Bay Company
What was the name of the leader and first governor of the Massachusetts Bay Colony?
* John Winthrop
What was the name of the city that was established in Massachusetts?
* Boston
What was the name of the governing body in the Massachusetts Bay Colony?
* General Court
Who were the members of the corporation in the Massachusetts Bay Colony?
* Freemen
What was the name of the model of reform that the colonists hoped to establish in the Massachusetts Bay Colony?
* "A city on a hill"
What was the main difference between the Pilgrims and the Puritans?
* The Pilgrims were seeking religious freedom, while the Puritans wanted to create a society based on their own religious beliefs.
What was the main reason for the founding of the colony of Rhode Island?
* Roger Williams, a Puritan minister, was banished from Massachusetts for advocating religious tolerance. He founded Rhode Island as a place where people of different faiths could live together peacefully.
What was the main conflict between the English colonists and the Native Americans?
* The English colonists believed they had the right to take land from the Native Americans, even if the land was being used. This led to a series of conflicts, including the Pequot War.
What was the main reason for the decline of the Native American population in New England?
* Disease, warfare, and displacement by English colonists all contributed to the decline of the Native American population in New England.
What was the main difference between the French and Dutch traders and the English colonists in their dealings with the Native Americans?
* The French and Dutch traders were more interested in trading with the Native Americans, while the English colonists were more interested in taking their land.
What was the main reason for the success of the English colonists in New England?
* The English colonists were more successful than other European groups in New England because they were better organized, had a stronger military, and were more determined to establish a permanent presence in the region.
What was the main reason for the Puritans' migration to New England?
* The Puritans were on the victorious side of the English Civil War and no longer had the same incentive to migrate to New England.
What happened to New England's economy after the migration of colonists to New England slowed down?
* New England's economy had depended on the sale of supplies and land to arriving immigrants, but this market collapsed as the migration tailed off.
What did Puritan merchants turn to after the migration to New England slowed down?
* Puritan merchants turned to the flourishing fishery, shipping cod (in addition to lumber and farm products) to the West Indies, where they bartered for sugar, molasses, and rum.
What was the ideal Puritan family like?
* The ideal Puritan family was well-ordered. Parents often participated in the choice of mates for their offspring, and children typically married in the order of their births.
What did the Massachusetts General Court require of towns with 50 or more families?
* The Massachusetts General Court required that towns with 50 families or more support a public school; those with 100 families were to establish a grammar school instructing students in Latin.
What was the main reason for the high literacy rates in New England in the mid-seventeenth century?
* New England men boasted the highest rates of literacy in North America and much of Europe.
Why did women's literacy remain relatively low in New England in the mid-seventeenth century?
* Because girls were excluded from grammar schools, women's literacy remained relatively low.
What was the cultural ideal for women in the 17th century?
* Women were expected to be subordinate to men.
What was the main accusation against women during the Salem Witch Trials?
* They were accused of witchcraft.
What was the main reason for the Salem Witch Trials?
* Social tensions.
What was the main reason for the growth of New England's population?
* The absorption of Plymouth colony in 1691.
What was the main reason for the establishment of proprietary colonies?
* To restore the Stuart monarchy.
What was the name of the new colony established by Charles II in 1663?
* Carolina
Where did the settlers of South Carolina come from?
* Barbados
What was the name of the Dutch colony that Charles II took over?
* New Netherland
What was the name of the colony that was split off from New York in 1665?
* New Jersey
Who was the founder of Pennsylvania?
* William Penn
What did William Penn want his colony to be?
* A "holy experiment"
What did Penn include in his first Frame of Government?
* Guarantees of religious freedom, civil liberties, and elected representation.
What did Penn attempt to do with the native peoples?
* Deal fairly with them.
What did Penn do to ensure fair dealing with the native peoples?
* He refused to permit colonization until settlement rights were negotiated and lands were purchased.
What happened to relations between Pennsylvania and the native peoples?
* They soured.
What did Penn's reputation for fair dealing lead to?
* A number of native groups resettled in the Quaker colony.
What happened during the first two decades of Pennsylvania's settlement?
* Nearly 20,000 settlers spread agricultural communities from the banks of the Delaware to the fertile interior valleys.
What was Pennsylvania known as in the 18th century?
* America's breadbasket.
What did Philadelphia become?
* North America's most important port.
What did Penn approve in 1704?
* The creation of a separate colony called Delaware for the governance of the counties near the mouth of the river formerly controlled first by the Swedes and then the Dutch.
What did Pennsylvania's ability to maintain peaceful relations with the Indians prove?
* The great exception.
What happened in the last quarter of the 17th century?
* It became a time of great violence throughout the colonial regions of the continent, mostly because of the expansion of European settlement.
What followed the Pequot War of 1637?
* Nearly forty years of peace.
What did several Puritan ministers begin to do?
* Preach to the Indians.
What happened to some 2,000 native converts?
* They eventually relocated to Christian communities known as "praying towns."
What remained after the relocation of the native converts?
* Several independent tribes.
What were the main reasons for the conflict between the English colonists and the Native Americans?
* The English colonists were expanding their territories, and the Native Americans were resisting this expansion.
Who was Metacom, and what was his role in King Philip's War?
* Metacom, also known as King Philip, was a Pokanoket leader who led the Native American resistance against the English colonists.
What was the significance of the Great Swamp Fight?
* The Great Swamp Fight was a major battle in King Philip's War, where a combined colonial army defeated a large Native American force.
What was the Covenant Chain, and how did it affect the Iroquois?
* The Covenant Chain was an alliance between the Iroquois Confederacy and the colony of New York, which gave the Iroquois dominance over other tribes.
What were the main causes of Bacon's Rebellion?
* Bacon's Rebellion was caused by tensions between English colonists and Native Americans in the Chesapeake region, fueled by land disputes and the colonists' desire for new tobacco lands.
What was the name of the backcountry planter who led a rebellion against the Indians?
* Nathaniel Bacon
What was the name of the rebellion that occurred in the Albermarle region of North Carolina?
* Culpeper's Rebellion
What did the Glorious Revolution in England lead to in the colonies?
* The strengthening of royal control over the colonies.
What was the name of the royal governor who imposed Anglican forms of worship in Puritan areas?
* Edmund Andros
What was the name of the group that overthrew the proprietary rule of the Calvert family in Maryland?
* The Protestant Association.