retrieval practice unit 8

An alliance between Germany, Austria-Hungary, and Italy in the years before WWI, also known as the Central Powers.

Triple Alliance

An agreement of cooperation between Great Britain, France, and Russia in the years preceding World War I to keep Germany and other powers in check.

Triple Entente

Austrian peace activist whose novel Lay Down Your Arms won the Nobel Prize in Literature in 1905.

Bertha Von Suttner

A battleship with increased speed and power developed by Germany and Great Britain, part of the militaristic trend before WWI.

Dreadnought

Increased tension between Germany and Britain by sharing German congratulations to the Dutch for a victory over the British.

Krueger Telegram

Nickname for the Balkans due to the numerous conflicts that broke out in the region.

Powder Keg

Nickname given to the Ottoman Empire because its strength was declining.

Sick Man

Heir to the Austria-Hungarian throne, assassinated by a Serbian nationalist, sparking WWI.

Franz Ferdinand

The region of Northern France where Allied and Central Powers battled each other during WWI.

Western Front

The region along the German-Russian border where Russians and Serbs fought against Germans, Austrians, and Turks during WWI.

Eastern Front

Colonel who led Britain to help the Arabs overthrow the Ottoman Empire.

T.E. Lawrence

Occurred during WWI, resulted from Ottoman claims that the Armenian people were cooperating with the Allies.

Armenian Genocide

A conflict where participating countries devote all resources to the war effort.

Total War

Occurred in 1916 due to frustrations of Irish nationalists over postponed home rule.

Easter Rebellion

German Marxist and anti-war activist.

Clara Zetkin

Woodrow Wilson's plan for organizing post WWI Europe and avoiding future wars, largely ignored at the peace conference.

14 Points

An international organization formed in 1920 to promote cooperation and peace among nations.

League of Nations

The meeting that decided the terms of WWI peace, dominated by the winners.

Paris Peace Conference

Allocation of former German and Ottoman possessions to victorious powers after WWI.

Mandate System

Agreement ending WWI; included huge reparations for Germany and the War Guilt Clause.

Versailles Treaty

German republic founded after WWI and the downfall of the monarchy.

Weimar

British economist who wrote about the economic consequences of the WWI peace agreement.

John Maynard Keynes

Last tsar of Russia, marking the end of the Romanov dynasty.

Nicholas II

Russian founder of the Bolsheviks and first head of the USSR.

Vladimir Lenin

The Socialist party that opposed the Bolsheviks, seeking a democratic party with mass membership.

Mensheviks

Russian revolutionary who helped build the Red Army and was prevented from being Lenin's successor.

Trotsky

Self-proclaimed holy man with significant influence over Tsarina Alexandra, making the Tsar unpopular.

Rasputin

The revolution against the Tsarist government that led to Nicholas II's abdication.

February Revolution

Head of the Provisional Government in 1917 who refused to redistribute land to peasants.

Kerensky

Council of workers and soldiers set up by Russian revolutionaries in 1917.

Soviet

Radical order that placed power in the hands of elected committees of common soldiers.

Army Order No.1

Bolshevik leader’s promise to the Russian people to provide peace, land, and bread.

April Theses

Humiliating peace treaty signed by Russia with Germany, marking its exit from WWI.

Brest-Litovsk

Coup d'état by the Bolsheviks in November 1917 leading to civil war.

October Revolution

Name for the Bolsheviks during the Russian Civil War.

Reds

All those who opposed the Bolsheviks during the civil war.

Whites

The secret police of the Bolsheviks.

Cheka

Economic system introduced under Bolshevik rule involving land and factory seizure.

War Communism

New country created in 1922, replacing the Russian Empire.

Union of Socialist Soviet Republics (USSR)