Introduction to Biological Anthropology - Chapter 3 Term and Concept List

These flashcards are designed to help students review key terms and concepts from Chapter 3 of their Introduction to Biological Anthropology course, specifically focusing on genetics.

Cloning

The process of making a genetically identical copy of an organism.

Genome

The complete set of genes or genetic material present in a cell or organism.

Epigenetics

The study of changes in organisms caused by modification of gene expression rather than alteration of the genetic code itself.

Gametes

Reproductive cells (sperm and ovum) that unite during sexual reproduction.

Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA)

The molecule that carries the genetic instructions for life.

Chromosomes

Structures within cells that contain DNA and carry genetic information.

Diploid

A cell or organism having two sets of chromosomes, one from each parent.

Mitosis

The process by which a cell divides its nucleus and content equally between two daughter cells.

Meiosis

A type of cell division that reduces the chromosome number by half, producing gametes.

Haploid

A cell or organism that has a single set of unpaired chromosomes.

Transcription

The process of copying a segment of DNA into RNA.

Ribonucleic acid (RNA)

A molecule similar to DNA that plays a role in protein synthesis.

Codons

Sequences of three nucleotide bases in mRNA that specify a particular amino acid.

Punnett square

A diagram used to predict the outcome of a genetic cross.

Law of Segregation

Mendel's principle that allele pairs separate during gamete formation.

Polygenic traits

Traits that are influenced by multiple genes.

Phenotype

The observable physical or biochemical characteristics of an organism, as determined by both genetic makeup and environmental influences.

Allele

Different forms of a gene that can exist at a specific locus.

Heterozygous

Having two different alleles for a given gene.

Cancer genes

Genes that, when mutated, can lead to the development of cancer.

Population genetics

The study of genetic variation within populations.