PBSI 315 Exam 3

Aggression

Behavior intended to harm another person either physically or psychologically.

Intentional Aggression

Aggression that is deliberate, not accidental.

Hostile Aggression

Aggression driven by anger, impulsive, often retaliatory.

Instrumental Aggression

Aggression that is premeditated and used as a means to an end.

Displaced Aggression

Aggression directed at someone not responsible for the frustration.

Biological Theories of Aggression

Theories that explain aggression through biological factors.

Instinct Theory (Freud)

Aggression is an unlearned, universal drive that builds up over time.

Evolutionary Theory

Aggression improves reproductive success and survival.

Testosterone

A hormone linked to higher aggression levels.

Pain and Aggression

Physical pain increases the likelihood of aggressive behavior.

Heat Hypothesis

More violent crimes occur during hot weather due to irritability.

Frustration-Aggression Theory

Aggression results from frustrated goals.

Relative Deprivation

Feeling deprived compared to others increases frustration.

Social Learning Theory (Bandura)

Aggression is learned by observing and imitating others.

Bandura’s Bobo Doll Study

A demonstration that children imitate aggressive behavior observed in adults.

Alcohol Myopia Theory

Alcohol impairs the ability to evaluate competing impulses, increasing aggression.

Culture of Honor

A cultural norm emphasizing reputation and respect, leading to aggressive responses.

Ingroup vs. Outgroup

Ingroup refers to the group one belongs to, whereas outgroup refers to those one does not belong to.

Stereotypes

Beliefs associating certain traits with group membership.

Outgroup Homogeneity Effect

The tendency to view outgroup members as all alike.

Stereotype Dimensions

Stereotypes are judged based on competence and warmth.

Stereotype Threat

Anxiety and underperformance due to fear of confirming a negative stereotype.

Ingroup Favoritism

Positive bias toward one's own group, even in randomly assigned groups.

Sources of Prejudice

Factors contributing to prejudice include evolutionary, cognitive, social identity, and media influences.

Social Identity Theory

Self-worth derived from group membership leading to strong ingroup identity and outgroup dislike.

Realistic Group Conflict Theory

Prejudice arises due to competition for scarce resources.

Robber’s Cave Study

An experiment demonstrating how competition leads to hostility between groups.

Discrimination

The behavioral expression of prejudice involving unequal treatment based on group membership.

Modern Racism

Subtle, often unconscious forms of bias that are socially masked.

Implicit Bias

Unconscious attitudes or stereotypes that affect understanding and decision making.

Reducing Prejudice

Strategies to lessen prejudice include intergroup contact and awareness of biases.

Intergroup Contact (Allport’s Contact Hypothesis)

Effective intergroup interaction requires equal status, common goals, and institutional support.

Conscious Control of Stereotypes

Awareness helps to overcome automatic prejudices.

Superordinate Goals

Goals that require cooperation across groups, promoting shared identity.

Live with Integrity

Actively working to reduce biases and increase empathy through personal commitment.

Frustrated Goals

Goals that, when obstructed, can lead to aggression.

Aggressive Responses

Responses involving harm inflicted on others as a result of provocation.

Cortisol

A hormone that increases in response to stress and can correlate with aggressive behavior.

Empathy,

The ability to understand and share the feelings of others, crucial in reducing prejudice.

Social Constructs

Ideas that society creates or maintains regarding normative behavior, relationships, and group dynamics.

Cognitive Dissonance

Mental discomfort experienced when holding two conflicting beliefs or attitudes.

Heuristic

A mental shortcut for problem-solving based on practical approach instead of theory.

Cultural Norms

Shared expectations and rules that guide behavior of people within social groups.

Collective Identity

A sense of belonging to a larger group that shares common beliefs or characteristics.

Social Scripts

Culturally constructed guidelines for behavior in specific social situations.

Outgroup Stigmatization

The process of labeling a group negatively leading to social differentiation.

Prejudice Reduction Strategies

Methods aimed at decreasing discriminatory attitudes and behaviors.

Social Mobilization

The process of engaging individuals or communities to advocate for social change.

Collective Action

Initiatives taken by groups to achieve a common goal, often to combat injustice.

Intergroup Competitiveness

When groups compete for resources, leading to increased prejudice or discrimination.

Behavioral Expression of Prejudice

Observable actions that reflect prejudicial attitudes toward certain groups.

Ingroup Identity

The sense of belonging to a particular group or community.

Conflict Resolution

Methods and processes aimed at facilitating the peaceful ending of conflict.

Social Justice

The fair distribution of resources and opportunities within society.

Affinity Bias

The tendency to prefer or favor individuals who are similar to oneself.

Cultural Competence

The ability to understand and interact effectively with people from diverse cultures.

Diversity

The inclusion of different types of people in a group or organization.

Stereotype Accuracy

The degree to which a stereotype reflects reality.

Conflict Escalation

The increasing severity or intensity of conflict situations.

Group Cohesion

The bonds that bring members of a group together.

Mediation

Intervention by a neutral party to help resolve conflict.

Altruism,

Concerns for the welfare of others, often seen in prosocial behavior.

Cultural Sensitivity

Awareness and respect for cultural differences.