Pharmacology - CNS ANS HERBAL

Study of drugs that alter processes controlled by the nervous system

Neuropharmacology

Neuropharmacology is subdivided into what

ANS, and CNS

what do you calla an axon Conducting an action potential down the axon of the neuron

Axonal Conduction

Process by which information is carried across the gap between neuron and postsynaptic cell

Synaptic Transmission

Used for psychiatric disorders, suppression of seizures, relief of pain, and production of anesthesia

CNS Drugs

CNS contains how many compounds that serve as neurotransmitters

21

Monoamine

dopamine

epinephrine

serotonin

Amino Acid

Aspartate

glutamate

glycine

Purine

Adenosine

adenosine monophosphate

atp

opioid peptides

Dynorphines

endorphins

enkephalins

Non Opioid Peptides

Neurotensin Oxytocin Somatostatin Substance P Vasopressin

Others

Acetylcholine Histamine GABA

who are much more sensitive to CNS drugs

Children

decreased response occurring in the course of prolonged drug use

Tolerance

state in which abrupt discontinuation of drug use will precipitate a withdrawal syndrome

Physical Dependence

Dysregulation of the transmitters serotonin, norepinephrine, dopamine Characteristics: inattentiveness, inability to concentrate, restlessness, hyperactivity, inability to complete tasks and impulsivity

ADHD \[Attention Deficit/ Hyperactivity Disorder\]

○ Characterized by falling asleep during normal waking activities \[driving/ talking\] ○ Unable to move and may collapse

Narcolepsy

Stimulate the release of NE and DA from the brain and SNS

Amphetamines

■ Given to increase child’s attention span and cognitive performance

■ Used to treat narcolepsy

Methylphenidate

■ Treatment of narcolepsy

Modafinil

■ Stimulate respiration

Analeptics: Xanthinine

■ Treatment of respiratory depression caused by drug overdose and COPD

Doxapram

● Slowly progressive neurodegenerative disorder characterized by tremor, rigidity, postural instability and slowed movement

● Affects the extrapyramidal system which influences movement

Parkinsons Disease

drugs that block receptors for ACh

Anticholinergic Agents

directly/indirectly cause activation of dopamine receptors

Dopaminergic drugs

DOPAMINE REPLACEMENT

Levodopa Levodopa/Carbidopa

DOPAMINE AGONISTS

Pramipexole Ropinirole Bromocriptine

COMT INHIBITORS

Entacapone Tolcapone

DOPAMINE RELEASER

Amantadine

MAO-B inhibitors

Selegiline Rasagiline

Levodopa + Maoi =

Hypertensive Crisis = both increases norepimephrine

What are Adverse effects of Dopaminergic drugs

orthostatic hypotension, Dizziness, Bradycardia, angina

Group of disorders characterized by excessive excitability of neurons in the CNS

Epilepsy

Excitation undergoes limited spread from the focus to adjacent cortical areas

Partial Seizures

Excitation spreads widely throughout both hemispheres of the brain

Generalized seizures

abnormal motor phenomenon

CONVULSION

SEIZURE PRECAUTION

● Move away all the dangerous object around them

● Turn them at the side - they can choke at their own saliva

● Use timer - start and end of seizure

● Note incident - how long and what happened

MAJOR CLASSES of antiepileptic drugs

● Hydantoins ● Barbiturates ● Iminostilbenes ● Benzodiazepines ● Carboxylic acid derivatives ● Phenyltriazine ● Carboxamide ● Sulfamate-substituted monosaccharides ● Succinimides ● Sulfonamides

● Partial Focal Seizures

○ Carbamazepine ○ Gabapentin ○ Lamotrigine ○ Tiagabine ○ Topiramate

○ most commonly prescribed anticonvulsant drug ○ Stabilize nerve cells to keep them from getting overexcited by increasing efflux or decreasing influx of sodium ions

● Phenytoin

○ Cornerstone of epilepsy therapy ○ Active against partial seizures

● Carbamazepine

Monitor RR every 5-15 mins for what patients

epileptic

Defined as involuntary contraction of a muscle or muscle group

Muscle Spasm

Classes of muscle spasms

■ Centrally-acting ■ Direct-acting ■ Others