soc sci qt2

Civilization

A well-organized society.

Geography

The profound effect on where civilizations settle, playing a monumental role in their establishment and success.

Religion

A set of beliefs concerning the big ideas in the world, involved in cultural behavior and practices.

King

An example of a ruler/leader in ancient times.

Arts

Reflecting the society that creates them.

Architecture

Creating the physical environment in which people live, representing how we see ourselves and the world.

Advance Technology

New forms of technology created by civilizations to make their jobs easier and contribute to future generations.

Politics/Government

Directing people's behavior, enforcing laws, leading the army, and distributing resources.

Economy

Concerned with the optimal distribution of resources in society, with trade being a common economic activity during early civilizations.

Stable Food Supply

Achieved through the domestication of animals and agriculture, allowing civilizations to have a reliable source of food.

Society

Includes social structure, culture, practices, beliefs, and written language.

Social Structure

A complex organization controlled through different jobs and social levels.

Highly Developed Culture

A characteristic of all civilizations, including the arts such as painting, architecture, and music, reflecting their values.

Culture

A way for civilizations to show their values and beliefs.

Written Language

The beginning of history and the beginning of writing, with the first known language being cuneiform created by the Sumerians.

Pictograph

A form of writing that uses symbols or animals as representations.

Chang Jiang (Yangtze)

The longest river in Asia and the 3rd longest in the world.

Yellow River

A strong geographical force in China's history, believed to have had communities built along its banks.

Shang Dynasty

Ruled over China, particularly the area east of the Yellow River and Chang Jiang.

Anyang

The center-city of the Shang Dynasty and known as the most progressive city.

Chinese Gods

The deities worshipped by the Chinese people.

Power of Shang Leaders

Believed to come from the spirits of nature.

Economy of Shang

Based on agriculture, trade, and the work of craftspeople.

Trade Routes

Used to connect the Shang civilization with faraway lands.

Cowrie Shells

Used as currency in the Shang civilization.

Bronzeware

Initially used for weapons, later used for religious rituals.

System of Writing

Oracle bones made of animal bones used for divination ceremonies.

Oracle Bones

Bear the earliest form of ancient Chinese writing and contain historically important information.

Social Structure

Kings > Nobles > Artisans & Traders > Farmers > Slaves.

Mesopotamia

The region between the Tigris and Euphrates rivers, known as "The Land Between the Two Rivers." Now known as IRAQ

Tigris & Euphrates Rivers

The two main rivers of ancient Mesopotamia, which served as the cradle of urban civilization.

Fertile Crescent

An ancient region in Asia known for its rich and fertile soil, of which Mesopotamia was a part.

Polytheistic Belief

The belief in multiple gods, with Mesopotamians worshiping 3600 gods and demigods.

Ziggurat

A form of temple common to the Sumerians, Babylonians, and Assyrians, where they worshiped their gods and goddesses.

Cuneiform

A system of writing first developed by the ancient Sumerians of Mesopotamia, using a reed stylus as the main writing tool.

Scribe

Experts in cuneiform writing.

Code of Hammurabi

A well-preserved Babylonian code of law, the oldest deciphered writings of significant length in the world.

Ruled by kings

Mesopotamia was governed by kings, with each king ruling a single city.

Gilgamesh

Fifth ruler of the first dynasty of Uruk, known for his building projects, judgment, and divine-human heritage.

Sargon the Great Emperor

Founder of the Akkadian Empire, the world's first empire, through the conquest of Sumerian city-states.

King Hammurabi of Babylonia

Sixth king of Babylon, known for establishing the Hammurabi Code, a written code of laws.

Nabopolassar

Overthrew the Assyrian Empire, established the second Babylonian Empire, and ruled for 20 years.

Nebuchadnezzar II

Expanded the Babylonian Empire, conquered Judah and Jerusalem, and built the Hanging Gardens of Babylon.

Shamshi Adad I

Conquered surrounding city-states, established the first Assyrian Empire, and was an excellent leader and organizer.

Economy of Mesopotamia

Developed a trade system based on the exchange of goods without using money.

Upper Class

Consisted of the king and priests.

Middle Class

Included scribes, merchants, artisans, and commoners.

Lower Class

Comprised slaves.

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Indus Civilization

An ancient civilization that existed in the Indus River Valley, encompassing present-day India and Pakistan.

Harappa and Mohenjo-Daro

Two major cities of the Indus Civilization, known for their shared urban design and architectural features.

Indus River Valley

The geographical location where the Indus Civilization thrived, benefiting from yearly floods that deposited fertile soil.

Kyber Pass

A mountain pass in the Hindu Kush mountains that allowed people to cross into the Indus River Valley.

Animistic Religion

The original religious belief of the Indus Civilization, centered around the worship of natural elements and spirits.

Hinduism

A religion that developed in the Indus Civilization, influenced by the arrival of the Aryans.

Drainage System

An advanced irrigation system in the Indus Civilization, with vertical and horizontal drainage in each house.

Grid System

A planned layout of streets and buildings in the cities of the Indus Civilization.

Pictograph

A system of writing used in the Indus Civilization, consisting of pictorial symbols.

Trade and Religion

The primary means of governance in the cities of the Indus Valley, rather than military strength.

Economy of Indus

Farming, domestication of animals, barter trade, weaving, and metalwork.

Gods

Highest rank in the Social Structure of the Indus Civilization

Priests

Brahmin

Nobles & Warriors

Kshatriya

Merchants & Skilled Workers

Vaishya

Servants, Peasants, Slaves

Sudra