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Civilization
A well-organized society.
Geography
The profound effect on where civilizations settle, playing a monumental role in their establishment and success.
Religion
A set of beliefs concerning the big ideas in the world, involved in cultural behavior and practices.
King
An example of a ruler/leader in ancient times.
Arts
Reflecting the society that creates them.
Architecture
Creating the physical environment in which people live, representing how we see ourselves and the world.
Advance Technology
New forms of technology created by civilizations to make their jobs easier and contribute to future generations.
Politics/Government
Directing people's behavior, enforcing laws, leading the army, and distributing resources.
Economy
Concerned with the optimal distribution of resources in society, with trade being a common economic activity during early civilizations.
Stable Food Supply
Achieved through the domestication of animals and agriculture, allowing civilizations to have a reliable source of food.
Society
Includes social structure, culture, practices, beliefs, and written language.
Social Structure
A complex organization controlled through different jobs and social levels.
Highly Developed Culture
A characteristic of all civilizations, including the arts such as painting, architecture, and music, reflecting their values.
Culture
A way for civilizations to show their values and beliefs.
Written Language
The beginning of history and the beginning of writing, with the first known language being cuneiform created by the Sumerians.
Pictograph
A form of writing that uses symbols or animals as representations.
Chang Jiang (Yangtze)
The longest river in Asia and the 3rd longest in the world.
Yellow River
A strong geographical force in China's history, believed to have had communities built along its banks.
Shang Dynasty
Ruled over China, particularly the area east of the Yellow River and Chang Jiang.
Anyang
The center-city of the Shang Dynasty and known as the most progressive city.
Chinese Gods
The deities worshipped by the Chinese people.
Power of Shang Leaders
Believed to come from the spirits of nature.
Economy of Shang
Based on agriculture, trade, and the work of craftspeople.
Trade Routes
Used to connect the Shang civilization with faraway lands.
Cowrie Shells
Used as currency in the Shang civilization.
Bronzeware
Initially used for weapons, later used for religious rituals.
System of Writing
Oracle bones made of animal bones used for divination ceremonies.
Oracle Bones
Bear the earliest form of ancient Chinese writing and contain historically important information.
Social Structure
Kings > Nobles > Artisans & Traders > Farmers > Slaves.
Mesopotamia
The region between the Tigris and Euphrates rivers, known as "The Land Between the Two Rivers." Now known as IRAQ
Tigris & Euphrates Rivers
The two main rivers of ancient Mesopotamia, which served as the cradle of urban civilization.
Fertile Crescent
An ancient region in Asia known for its rich and fertile soil, of which Mesopotamia was a part.
Polytheistic Belief
The belief in multiple gods, with Mesopotamians worshiping 3600 gods and demigods.
Ziggurat
A form of temple common to the Sumerians, Babylonians, and Assyrians, where they worshiped their gods and goddesses.
Cuneiform
A system of writing first developed by the ancient Sumerians of Mesopotamia, using a reed stylus as the main writing tool.
Scribe
Experts in cuneiform writing.
Code of Hammurabi
A well-preserved Babylonian code of law, the oldest deciphered writings of significant length in the world.
Ruled by kings
Mesopotamia was governed by kings, with each king ruling a single city.
Gilgamesh
Fifth ruler of the first dynasty of Uruk, known for his building projects, judgment, and divine-human heritage.
Sargon the Great Emperor
Founder of the Akkadian Empire, the world's first empire, through the conquest of Sumerian city-states.
King Hammurabi of Babylonia
Sixth king of Babylon, known for establishing the Hammurabi Code, a written code of laws.
Nabopolassar
Overthrew the Assyrian Empire, established the second Babylonian Empire, and ruled for 20 years.
Nebuchadnezzar II
Expanded the Babylonian Empire, conquered Judah and Jerusalem, and built the Hanging Gardens of Babylon.
Shamshi Adad I
Conquered surrounding city-states, established the first Assyrian Empire, and was an excellent leader and organizer.
Economy of Mesopotamia
Developed a trade system based on the exchange of goods without using money.
Upper Class
Consisted of the king and priests.
Middle Class
Included scribes, merchants, artisans, and commoners.
Lower Class
Comprised slaves.
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Indus Civilization
An ancient civilization that existed in the Indus River Valley, encompassing present-day India and Pakistan.
Harappa and Mohenjo-Daro
Two major cities of the Indus Civilization, known for their shared urban design and architectural features.
Indus River Valley
The geographical location where the Indus Civilization thrived, benefiting from yearly floods that deposited fertile soil.
Kyber Pass
A mountain pass in the Hindu Kush mountains that allowed people to cross into the Indus River Valley.
Animistic Religion
The original religious belief of the Indus Civilization, centered around the worship of natural elements and spirits.
Hinduism
A religion that developed in the Indus Civilization, influenced by the arrival of the Aryans.
Drainage System
An advanced irrigation system in the Indus Civilization, with vertical and horizontal drainage in each house.
Grid System
A planned layout of streets and buildings in the cities of the Indus Civilization.
Pictograph
A system of writing used in the Indus Civilization, consisting of pictorial symbols.
Trade and Religion
The primary means of governance in the cities of the Indus Valley, rather than military strength.
Economy of Indus
Farming, domestication of animals, barter trade, weaving, and metalwork.
Gods
Highest rank in the Social Structure of the Indus Civilization
Priests
Brahmin
Nobles & Warriors
Kshatriya
Merchants & Skilled Workers
Vaishya
Servants, Peasants, Slaves
Sudra