exam 1 - maternal child

tamut

What is primary amenorrhea?

Absence of menstruation by age 15.

What is secondary amenorrhea?

Absence of menses for ≥3 cycles or ≥6 months in someone who previously menstruated.

First nursing action for amenorrhea?

Rule out pregnancy.

What causes primary dysmenorrhea?

Increased prostaglandins causing uterine contractions.

How does secondary dysmenorrhea differ?

Caused by pelvic pathology and worsens over time.

What is menorrhagia?

Excessive or prolonged menstrual bleeding.

Main complication of menorrhagia?

Iron-deficiency anemia.

Priority nursing concern with heavy vaginal bleeding?

Hypovolemia and anemia.

Most common STI that is often asymptomatic?

Chlamydia.

Untreated chlamydia can lead to what complication?

Pelvic inflammatory disease and infertility.

Primary sign of syphilis?

Painless chancre.

Rash on palms and soles suggests what STI?

Secondary syphilis.

Which STI causes painful vesicles?

Herpes simplex virus.

Only contraception that prevents STIs?

Condoms.

What does ACHES stand for in OCP users?

Abdominal pain, Chest pain, Headache, Eye problems, Severe leg pain.

Most effective reversible contraception?

Long-acting reversible contraception (IUD or implant).

Definition of infertility?

Failure to conceive after 12 months (6 months if >35).

Major psychosocial nursing need in infertility?

Emotional support and stress reduction.

Red flag signs of breast cancer?

Lump, nipple inversion, peau d’orange, skin dimpling.

Post-mastectomy arm precautions?

No BP, IVs, or blood draws on affected arm.

What are uterine fibroids?

Benign tumors causing heavy bleeding and infertility.

What is endometriosis?

Endometrial tissue outside uterus causing pelvic pain.

Main functions of the placenta?

Gas exchange, nutrients, waste removal, hormone production.

Umbilical cord anatomy?

Two arteries and one vein.

When is organ development highest risk for teratogens?

First trimester.

Blood volume change in pregnancy?

Increases 40–45%.

Cardiac output change in pregnancy?

Increases up to 50%.

Cause of physiologic anemia in pregnancy?

Plasma volume increases more than RBCs.

Best position to prevent supine hypotension?

Left side-lying.

Respiratory change in pregnancy?

Increased tidal volume and mild respiratory alkalosis.

GI effects of progesterone?

Constipation and reflux.

GFR change in pregnancy?

Increases by ~50%.

Permanent skin change of pregnancy?

Striae gravidarum.

Three categories of pregnancy signs?

Presumptive, probable, positive.

Example of positive pregnancy sign?

Fetal heart tones or ultrasound.

Earliest biochemical marker of pregnancy?

hCG.

Key psychosocial stages of pregnancy?

Ambivalence → acceptance → attachment.

Primary benefit of prenatal care?

Early detection of maternal/fetal risks.

Key pregnancy nutrients?

Folic acid, iron, calcium, protein.

Foods to avoid in pregnancy?

Alcohol, unpasteurized foods, high-mercury fish.

Difference between gestational HTN and preeclampsia?

Preeclampsia includes organ involvement or proteinuria.

What defines eclampsia?

Seizures.

First-line medication to prevent eclamptic seizures?

Magnesium sulfate.

Antidote for magnesium toxicity?

Calcium gluconate.

First sign of magnesium toxicity?

Loss of deep tendon reflexes.

Why is magnesium sulfate considered high-alert?

Errors can cause severe maternal harm.

Must magnesium sulfate be abbreviated MgSO4?

No — never abbreviate.

Premonitory signs of eclampsia?

Headache, vision changes, RUQ pain.

Shoulder pain in pregnancy suggests?

Ectopic pregnancy.

Snowstorm ultrasound indicates?

Hydatidiform mole.

Biggest fetal risk in maternal diabetes?

Macrosomia.

Neonatal complication of maternal diabetes?

Hypoglycemia.

Priority in trauma during pregnancy?

Stabilize mother first.

Fetal survival depends on what?

Maternal survival.

Emergency contraception works how?

Delays ovulation.

Emergency contraception affects implanted pregnancy?

No.

After EC use, what must patient establish?

Reliable birth control.

Copper IUD effectiveness as EC?

Up to 99% if placed within 5 days.

Diaphragm users should watch for what life-threatening condition?

Toxic shock syndrome.

TSS symptoms?

Fever, rash, vomiting, diarrhea, dizziness.

Depo-Provera long-term risk?

Bone mineral density loss.

Teaching for Depo-Provera users?

Calcium, vitamin D, exercise, avoid smoking/alcohol.

Bisphosphonates must be taken how?

Empty stomach, plain water, upright 30 min.

Emergency contraception protects future intercourse?

No.

Mental health priority in pregnancy?

Screening and nonjudgmental support.

Substance use nursing priority?

Safety, referral, education.

NCLEX pregnancy priority framework?

Mom before baby.