ORG CHEM | Ethers

Ethers

class of organic compounds characterized by an oxygen atom connected to two alkyl or aryl groups, derivatives of water, where both hydrogen atoms are replaced with organic groups

Symmetrical Ethers

two identical groups attached to either side of an oxygen atom.

Asymmetrical Ethers

two different groups attached to either side of an oxygen atom

Common Nomenclature of Ethers

1. Check the branches on both sides of the oxygen atom.

2. Combine their names in alphabetical order.

   1. End the name with “ether”

IUPAC Nomenclature of Ethers

1. Identify which alkyl or aryl group has the longer chain. This becomes the parent chain. The shorter group becomes a substituent with the suffix “-oxy”.

2. Number the parent chain such that the shorter group has the lowest number.

3. Assemble the name like usual.

Polarity of Ethers

While they have polar C-O bonds, the molecular geometry mostly cancels out the dipole moment, meaning they are not largely polar and do not engage in significant hydrogen bonding with other ether molecules

Boiling Point of Ethers

Their weak polarity does not affect the boiling points, making them comparable to the boiling points of alkanes. On the other hand, they have lower boiling points than alcohols of similar molar mass due to the lack of hydrogen bonding.

Solubility of Ethers

Shorter ethers are slightly soluble due to hydrogen bonding between the ether oxygen and water molecules. However as the chains lengthen, the solubility decreases due to the increasing nonpolar character.

Other Properties of Ethers

they are flammable, relatively inert, and form peroxides when exposed to the air for a long time

Uses of Ethers

• solvents in chemical reactions

• used in pharmaceuticals

• used in plastics