Studied by 0 people
What are three examples of RESEARCH DESIGNS?
Repeated Measures, Independent Samples, Matched Pairs
What are three examples of RESEARCH METHODS?
True experiments, Quasi-experiments, Natural experiments
What are six examples of SAMPLING METHODS?
Opportunity sampling, self-selected/volunteer sampling, snowball sampling, random sampling, stratified sampling, purposive sampling
What does CARDUD stand for when discussing the ethics of pysch studies?
Consent, Anonymity, Right to Withdraw, Deception, Undue Stress, Debriefing
What does TEACUP stand for when discussing the validity of a psych theory?
Testable, Evidence, Application, Concepts, Unbiased, Predictive
How do you characterize/discuss research?
Was it done in the Lab or in the Field?
Was it Retrospective or Introspective?
Was it Longitudinal or Cross-Sectional?
Retrospective vs. Prospective
Data using past behavior vs. Watching a variable change over time to predict results
Longitudinal vs. Cross-sectional
Repeated observations of a variable over long periods of time vs. Data collected at a certain point in time
What is Internal Validity?
A measure of how well the procedures of a study were performed
What is External validity?
A measure of how much a study’s results apply in the real world
What is Population Validity?
A type of external validity that measures how a study generalizes a population as a whole
What is Ecological Validity?
A type of external validity that measures how the experimental environment could have influenced participant behavior
What is Mundane Realism?
A measure of how well a study represents real life - can the study be replicated outside of a lab setting?
What is a True Experiment?
An experiment where an independent variable is manipulated and a dependent variable is measured in a controlled setting. Participants are randomly assigned to conditions.
What is a Quasi-Experiment?
An experiment similar to a true experiment, but participants are assigned to conditions based on their traits
What is a Natural Experiment?
An experiment that studies a naturally occurring event, where no independent variable is manually manipulated by the researcher
What is Opportunity Sampling?
The process of choosing participants from naturally occurring groups
What is an advantage and disadvantage of Opportunity Sampling?
It’s easier to get participants, but it is biased because the researcher chooses participants and not representative of a whole population
What is Self-Selected/Volunteer Sampling?
When participants volunteer themselves for a study, usually found through advertisements
What is an advantage and disadvantage of Self-Selected/Volunteer Sampling?
It’s easier to get motivated participants, but is not representative of a whole population
What is Snowball Sampling?
When participants recruit other participants for a study
What is an advantage and disadvantage of Snowball Sampling?
It makes it easier to find hard-to-access participants and helps them build trust in the researcher, but is not representative of a whole population
What is Random Sampling?
When every member of a target populatoin has an equal chance of being selected for a study
What is an advantage and disadvantage of Random Sampling?
It is more representative of a general population if a large sample size is used, but there is a chance that the selection of participants will not be representative because it could be randomly skewed
What is Stratified Sampling?
When a target population is split into subpopulations, then participants are randomly selected from each subpopulation
What is an advantage and disadvantage of Stratified Sampling?
It is more representative because it is closer to the actual population distribution, but it takes more time and effort to gather participants and classify them into subgroups
What is Purposive Sampling?
The process of finding participants by actively searching for people who meet certain criteria
What is an advantage and disadvantage of Purposive Sampling?
It is good for measuring a specific phenomenon, but it is biased because the researcher selects participants
What is a Repeated Measures Design?
An experiment design that has one sample of participants who receive every condition being tested
What are Demand Characteristics?
Clues that may cause participants to form an interpretation of the experiment’s purpose
What is the Expectancy Effect?
When participants, after being exposed to a demand characteristic, start doing what they think the researcher wants them to do
What is the Screw You Effect?
When participants, after being exposed to a demand characteristic, start doing the opposite of what they think the researcher wants them to do
What are Order effects?
When the order of conditions that participants undergo create boredom/fatigue/familiarity, influencing their behavior
What is Counter-Balancing?
Giving study groups the same conditions but in different orders in order to avoid boredom/fatigue/familiarity
What are advantages of using a Repeated Measures Design?
It controls participant variability and less participants are required
What are disadvantages of using a Repeated Measures Design?
Order effects may be present (if not using counter balancing) and participants may form an interpretation of the study’s purpose after seeing demand characteristics
What is an Independent Sample Design?
An experiment design that allocates groups of participants to only one condition
What are advantages of an Independent Sample Design?
It can control order effects and demand characteristics
What is a disadvantage of an Independent Sample Design?
Participant variability affects results unless enough participants are used
What is a Matched Pairs design?
A type of independent sample design that groups participants by their traits, then splits them up evenly among each condition to reduce participant variability
Note 
Flashcard (20)