Neurotransmitters and hormones

acetocholine (nicotinic)

ionotropic, EPSP, PNS stimulation

acetylcholine (muscarinic)

metabotropic, EPSP, PaANS stimulation (stomach, lungs, heart)

(nor)epinephrine (alpha)

metabotropic

a1 - stimulate vascular smooth muscle constriction

a2 - autoreceptor negative feedback

SyANS

(nor)epinephrine (beta)

metabotropic

b1 - increase HR and cardiac contractile force

b2 - relax smooth muscles (opposes digestion)

b3 - lipolysis, thermogenesis

SyANS

dopamine (NT)

metabotropic

neuromodulatory

limbic system (emotion), desire, reward, motivation, satisfaction

monoamine oxidase inhibitor (MAOI) prevent degradation

serotonin (5-HT)

metabotropic

neuromodulatory

sleep/wakefulness, emotional state, perception

Serotonin reuptake inhibitors

glutamate

ionotropic, EPSP

major stimulatory of CNS

antagonists are anesthetics or dissociative euphoriants (alcohol)

GABA

inonotropic, ISPS

primary inhibitor of CNS

benzodiazepine agonsits (xanax) reduce anxiety/muscle tone (alcohol)

dopamine (hormone)

produced by adrenal gland

associated with pleasurable activities

affects kidney, pancreas, lungs, CNS

epinephrine (hormone)

produced by adrenal gland

response to physical/emotional stress

affects muscles, lungs, heart, blood vessels

melatonin

produced by pineal gland

response to darkness

regulate circadian rhythm and energy

Thyroxine (T4)

produced by thyroid gland follicular cells

(less active form) regulates metabolism, energy levels, growth

Triiodothyronine (T3)

converted from T4

influence metabolism, growth, energy

aldosterone

produced by adrenal cortex

regulates blood pressure by electrolyte balance in kidneys

cortisol

produced by adrenal cortex

involved in stress response/metabolism regulation

corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH)

hypophysiotropic

stimulates ACTH

pituitary gland in response to low cortisol

gonadotropin releasing hormone (GnRH)

hypophysiotropic

stimulates LH and FSH

anterior pituitary

GH releasing hormone (GHRH)

stimulates GH

anterior pituitary

somatostatin (GHIH)

inhibits GH, TSH, PL

thyrotropin releasing hormone (TRH)

stimulates TSH

anterior pitutary

calcitonin

produced by thyroid

regulates calcium (unknown in humans)

adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)

stimulates adrenal glands to produce cortisol

follicle stimulating hormone (FSH)

stimulates estrogens, sexual development, egg/sperm production

growth hormone (GH)

promotes growth and cell reproduction

insulin-like growth factor (IGF-1)

stimulated by GH

promotes growth and bone deposition

leutinizing hormone (LH)

stimulated by GnRH

triggers ovulation, promotes hormone production

oxytocin

hypothalamic neurons

stimulates contractions, milk ejection, bonding

parathyroid hormone (PTH)

stimulated by low blood calcium

stimulates osteoclasts (Ca reabsorption), Vit D activation

prolactin

promotes breast lactation

inhibited by PIH

thyrotropin (TSH)

stimulated by TRH from hypothalamus

stimulates TH release

vasopressin (ADH)

stimulated by high blood volume

targets kidney for reabsorption of water