Studied by 4 peopleMemory
processes involved in retaining, retrieving, and using information about stimuli, images, events, ideas, and skills after the original information is no longer present
Encoding
the process through which information enters our memory system
storage
the process of preserving information for possible recollection in the future
Retrieval
the process of accessing information encoded and stored in memory
sensory memory
a stage of memory that captures near-exact copies of vast amounts of sensory stimuli for a very brief period of time
short-term memory
a stage of memory that temporarily maintains and processes a limited amount of information
long-term memory
a stage of memory with essentially unlimited capacity that stores enduring information about facts and experiences
iconic memory
Visual impressions that are photograph-like in their accuracy but dissolve in less than a second; a form of sensory memory.
echoic memory
exact copies of the sounds we hear; a form of sensory memory
maintenance rehearsal
Technique of repeating information to be remembered, increasing the length of time it can be held in short-term memory.
Chunking
Grouping numbers, letters, or other items into meaningful subsets as a strategy for increasing the quantity of information that can be maintained in short-term memory.
working memory
The active processing of information in short-term memory; the maintenance and manipulation of information in the memory system.
explicit memory
A type of memory you are aware of having and can consciously express in words or declare, including memories of facts and experiences.
implicit memory
a memory of something you know or know how to do, which may be automatic, unconscious, and difficult to bring to awareness and express
semantic memory
The memory of information theoretically available to anyone, which pertains to general facts about the world; a type of explicit memory.
episodic memory
The record of memorable experiences or "episodes" including when and where an experience occurred; a type of explicit memory.
flashbulb memory
detailed recollections of when and where we heard about shocking events
procedural memory
The unconscious memory of how to carry out a variety of skills and activities; a type of implicit memory.
mnemonics
Techniques for improving memory, especially by making connections between new material and information already in long-term memory.
effortful processing
encoding that requires attention and conscious effort
masses practice
studying for long periods of time without breaks
distributed practice
spreading out study sessions over time with breaks in between
retrieval cues
Stimuli that are used to bring a memory to consciousness or into behavior
priming
the stimulation of memories as a result of retrieval cues in the environment
recall
The process of retrieving information held in long-term memory without the help of explicit retrieval cues.
recognition
The process of matching incoming data to information stored in long-term memory.
Serial Positition Effect
The ability to recall items in a list depends on where they are in the series.
primacy effect
tendency to remember words at the beginning of a list especially well
recency effect
tendency to remember words at the end of a list especially well
encoding specificity principle
memories are more easily recalled when the context and cues at the time of encoding are similar to those at the time of retrieval
relearning
material learned previously is acquired more quickly in subsequent exposures
proactive interference
The tendency for information learned in the past t interfere with the retrieval of new material
retroactive interference
the tendency for recently learned information to interfere with the retrieval of things learned in the past
misinformation effect
the tendency of misleading information presented after an event to alter the memories of the event itself
rich false memories
recollections of an event that never occurred, which are expressed with emotions and confidence and include details
anterograde amnesia
a type of memory loss; an inability to create new memories following damage or injury to the brain
retrograde amnesia
A type of memory loss; an inability to access memories formed prior to damage or injury to the brain, or difficulty retrieving them.
memory trace
the location where memories are etched in the brain via physiological changes
long-term potentiation
the increased efficiency of neural communication over time, resulting in learning the formation of memories
Chronic Traumatic Encephalopathy (CTE)
A neurodegenerative disease that leads to atypical deposits of tau protein throughout various regions in the brain as a result of repeated mild traumatic brain injury.
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