Psychology-Ch.7-Memory- Key terms

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Memory

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40 Terms

1

Memory

processes involved in retaining, retrieving, and using information about stimuli, images, events, ideas, and skills after the original information is no longer present

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2

Encoding

the process through which information enters our memory system

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3

storage

the process of preserving information for possible recollection in the future

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4

Retrieval

the process of accessing information encoded and stored in memory

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5

sensory memory

a stage of memory that captures near-exact copies of vast amounts of sensory stimuli for a very brief period of time

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6

short-term memory

a stage of memory that temporarily maintains and processes a limited amount of information

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7

long-term memory

a stage of memory with essentially unlimited capacity that stores enduring information about facts and experiences

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8

iconic memory

Visual impressions that are photograph-like in their accuracy but dissolve in less than a second; a form of sensory memory.

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9

echoic memory

exact copies of the sounds we hear; a form of sensory memory

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10

maintenance rehearsal

Technique of repeating information to be remembered, increasing the length of time it can be held in short-term memory.

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11

Chunking

Grouping numbers, letters, or other items into meaningful subsets as a strategy for increasing the quantity of information that can be maintained in short-term memory.

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12

working memory

The active processing of information in short-term memory; the maintenance and manipulation of information in the memory system.

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13

explicit memory

A type of memory you are aware of having and can consciously express in words or declare, including memories of facts and experiences.

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14

implicit memory

a memory of something you know or know how to do, which may be automatic, unconscious, and difficult to bring to awareness and express

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15

semantic memory

The memory of information theoretically available to anyone, which pertains to general facts about the world; a type of explicit memory.

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16

episodic memory

The record of memorable experiences or "episodes" including when and where an experience occurred; a type of explicit memory.

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17

flashbulb memory

detailed recollections of when and where we heard about shocking events

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18

procedural memory

The unconscious memory of how to carry out a variety of skills and activities; a type of implicit memory.

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19

mnemonics

Techniques for improving memory, especially by making connections between new material and information already in long-term memory.

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20

effortful processing

encoding that requires attention and conscious effort

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21

masses practice

studying for long periods of time without breaks

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22

distributed practice

spreading out study sessions over time with breaks in between

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23

retrieval cues

Stimuli that are used to bring a memory to consciousness or into behavior

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24

priming

the stimulation of memories as a result of retrieval cues in the environment

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25

recall

The process of retrieving information held in long-term memory without the help of explicit retrieval cues.

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26

recognition

The process of matching incoming data to information stored in long-term memory.

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27

Serial Positition Effect

The ability to recall items in a list depends on where they are in the series.

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28

primacy effect

tendency to remember words at the beginning of a list especially well

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29

recency effect

tendency to remember words at the end of a list especially well

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30

encoding specificity principle

memories are more easily recalled when the context and cues at the time of encoding are similar to those at the time of retrieval

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31

relearning

material learned previously is acquired more quickly in subsequent exposures

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32

proactive interference

The tendency for information learned in the past t interfere with the retrieval of new material

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33

retroactive interference

the tendency for recently learned information to interfere with the retrieval of things learned in the past

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34

misinformation effect

the tendency of misleading information presented after an event to alter the memories of the event itself

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35

rich false memories

recollections of an event that never occurred, which are expressed with emotions and confidence and include details

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36

anterograde amnesia

a type of memory loss; an inability to create new memories following damage or injury to the brain

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37

retrograde amnesia

A type of memory loss; an inability to access memories formed prior to damage or injury to the brain, or difficulty retrieving them.

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38

memory trace

the location where memories are etched in the brain via physiological changes

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39

long-term potentiation

the increased efficiency of neural communication over time, resulting in learning the formation of memories

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40

Chronic Traumatic Encephalopathy (CTE)

A neurodegenerative disease that leads to atypical deposits of tau protein throughout various regions in the brain as a result of repeated mild traumatic brain injury.

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