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Chemistry
The study of matter and its interactions.
Valence Electrons
Electrons that are more unstable than innermost electrons and play a key role in chemical bonding.
Conservation Laws
Principles that govern the conservation of mass, energy, electrons, and charges in chemical reactions.
Quantum Mechanical Model of the Atom
A model that explains the behavior of electrons as both waves and particles.
Schrodinger’s Cat
A thought experiment illustrating the principles of quantum mechanics and superposition.
Deterministic Phenomena
The belief prior to the 20th century that all physical phenomena could be predicted with certainty.
Sub-Atomic Particles
Particles that do not follow deterministic rules, as their future states cannot be predicted from present conditions.
Electron Behavior
The behavior of electrons, which determines the behavior of atoms and is difficult to observe directly.
Light
A form of electromagnetic radiation composed of oscillating electric and magnetic fields.
Speed of Light
The constant speed at which all electromagnetic waves travel, approximately 3.00 × 10^8 m/s.
Amplitude
The height of a wave, indicating the intensity of light.
Wavelength
The distance between successive crests of a wave.
Frequency
The number of waves that pass a point in a given time, measured in Hertz (cycles/s).
Energy of Waves
Total energy is proportional to both amplitude and frequency of the wave.
Wavelength-Frequency Relationship
Wavelength and frequency are inversely proportional; shorter wavelengths correspond to higher frequencies.
Color of Light
Determined by its wavelength or frequency; white light is a mixture of all visible colors.
ROYGBIV
The acronym representing the colors of the visible spectrum (Red, Orange, Yellow, Green, Blue, Indigo, Violet).
Electromagnetic Spectrum
A classification of electromagnetic waves by wavelength, with varying energy levels.
Ionizing Radiation
High-energy electromagnetic radiation that can damage biological molecules.
Radio Signal Transmission
AM (amplitude modulation) and FM (frequency modulation) are methods of transmitting radio signals.
Standing Waves
Waves that remain constrained within a region of space, important for understanding atomic and molecular structure.
2-D Waves
Vibrational patterns on a flat surface that exhibit standing wave characteristics.
Interference
The interaction between waves, resulting in constructive (in phase) or destructive (out of phase) interference.
Diffraction
The bending of waves around obstacles or openings similar in size to the wavelength, demonstrating wave behavior.
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