Studied by 0 peopleOperational definition
________: Defining a scientific concept by stating the specific actions or procedures used to measure it.
Cultural relativity
________: The idea that behavior must be judged relative to the values of the culture in which it occurs.
Gender bias
________ in research: A tendency for females and female- related issues to be underrepresented in research, whether psychological or otherwise.
Self report data
________: Information that is provided by participants about their own thoughts, emotions, or behaviors, typically on a questionnaire or during an interview.
Hypothesis
________: Predicted outcome of an experiment, or an educated guess about the relationship between variables.
Natural selection
________: Darwins theory that evolution favors those plants and animals best suited to their living conditions.
Pseudoscience
________: Unfounded belief system that seems to be based on science.
Uncritical acceptance
________: The tendency to believe claims because they seem true or because it would be nice if they were true.
Description
________: In scientific research, the process of naming and classifying.
Falsification
________: The deliberate attempt to uncover how a commonsense belief or scientific theory might be false.
Confirmation bias
________: The tendency to remember or notice information that fits ones expectations, while forgetting or ignoring discrepancies.
Neuroscience
________: The broader field of biopsychologists and others who study the brain and nervous system, such as biologists and biochemists.
Humanistic psychology
________: Study of people as inherently good and motivated to learn and improve.
Prediction
________: In psychology, an ability to accurately forecast behavior.
Self fulfilling
________ prophecy: A prediction that prompts people to act in ways that make the prediction come true.
Single blind study
________: Research in which the subjects do not know which treatment they receive.
Critical thinking
________: In psychology, a type of reflection involving the support of beliefs through scientific explanation and observation.
Double
________- blind study: Research in which neither the observer nor the subjects know which subjects received which treatment.
Behaviorism
________: School of thought in psychology that emphasizes study of observable actions over study of the mind.
Psychologists goals
________ are description (name and classify behavior through detailed records), understanding (state causes of behavior), prediction (forecast behavior), and control (after conditions that influence behavior)
American Psychological Association
In 1921 she (Washburn) became the second female to serve as President of the ________ (Mary Whiton Calkins was the first)
Introspection
________: Personal observation of your own thoughts, feelings, and behavior.
Psychoanalyst
________: A mental health professional (usually a medical doctor) trained to practice psychoanalysis.
correlation coefficient
A(n) ________ is computed to gauge the strength of the relationship between those variables.
1904 1990
B.F. Skinner (________): Skinner studied simple behaviors under carefully controlled conditions.
Superstition
________: Unfounded belief held without evidence or in spite of falsifying evidence.
Meta analysis
________: A statistical technique for combining the results of many studies on the same subject.
biopsychosocial model
The ________ holds that human behavior and mental processes are best understood by combining insights from biology (including biopsychology and evolutionary psychology), psychology (including culture, access to education, and poverty)
Functionalism
________: School of psychology that considers behaviors in terms of active adaptions.
Cognitive psychology
________: The study of information processing, thinking, reasoning, and problem solving.
bias
Researcher ________ (changes in participant behavior brought about by researcher influence)
psychoanalytic approach
The ________ developed by Freud.
Evolutionary psychology
________: Approach that emphasizes inherited, adaptive aspects of behavior and mental processes.
Cognitive unconscious
________: The part of the mind of which we are subjectively unaware and that is not open to introspection.
Random assignment
________: Use of chance to place subjects in experimental and control groups.
Survey
________: Descriptive research method in which participants are asked the same questions.
Placebo
________ effect: Changes in behavior due to participants expectations that a drug (or other treatment) will have some effect.
Stimulus
________: Any physical energy that an organism senses.
Social desirability
________: Deliberate tendency to provide polite, socially acceptable responses.
Neo Freudians
________: Psychologists who accept the broad features of Freuds theory but have revised the theory to include the role of cultural and social factors while still accepting some of its basic concepts.
Self actualization
________: The process of fully developing personal potentials,
Psychoanalysis
________: Freudian approach to psychotherapy emphasizing the exploration of the unconscious using free association, dream interpretation, resistances, and transference to uncover unconscious conflicts.
Counselor
________: A mental health professional who specializes in helping people with problems that do not involve serious mental disorders.
Correlation
________ does not equal causation.
Psychiatrist
________: A medical doctor with additional training the diagnosis and treatment of mental and emotional disorders.
Psychology
________: The scientific study of behavior and mental processes.
Psychologist
________: A person highly trained in the methods, factual knowledge, and theories of psychology.
Comprehensive explanation
Theory: ________ of observable events.
Case study
________ (clinical method): In- depth analysis of the behavior of one person or a small number of people.
Structuralism
________: Study of sensations and personal experience analyzed as basic elements.
Uncritical acceptance
The tendency to believe claims because they seem true or because it would be nice if they were true
Confirmation bias
The tendency to remember or notice information that fits ones expectations, while forgetting or ignoring discrepancies
Superstition
Unfounded belief held without evidence or in spite of falsifying evidence
Pseudoscience
Unfounded belief system that seems to be based on science
Science
An objective approach to answering questions that relies on careful observations and experiments
Psychologist
A person highly trained in the methods, factual knowledge, and theories of psychology
Basic Research
Seek knowledge to understand
Applied Research
Solving immediate problems
Animal Research
Working with animals to relate to humans
Animal model
In research, an animal whose behavior is studied to derive principles that may apply to human behavior
Clinical psychologist
A psychologist who specializes in the treatment of psychological and behavioral disturbances or who does research on such disturbances
Counseling psychologist
A psychologist who specializes in the treatment of milder emotional and behavioral disturbances
Psychiatrist
A medical doctor with additional training the diagnosis and treatment of mental and emotional disorders
Psychoanalyst
A mental health professional (usually a medical doctor) trained to practice psychoanalysis
Counselor
A mental health professional who specializes in helping people with problems that do not involve serious mental disorders
Scientific observation
An empirical investigation structured to answer questions about the world in a systematic and intersubjective fashion (i.e., observations can be reliably confirmed by multiple observers)
Stimulus
Any physical energy that an organism senses
Introspection
Personal observation of your own thoughts, feelings, and behavior
Structuralism
Study of sensations and personal experience analyzed as basic elements
Wilhem Wundt (1832-1920)
Wundt is credited with making psychology an independent science, separate from philosophy
Imageless thought
An old term describing the inability of introspections to become subjectively aware of some mental processes; an early term describing the cognitive unconscious
Cognitive unconscious
The part of the mind of which we are subjectively unaware and that is not open to introspection
Gestalt psychology
Study of thinking, learning, and perception in whole units, not by analysis into parts
Max Wertheimer (1880-1941)
Wertheimer first proposed the Gestalt viewpoint to help explain perceptual illusions
Functionalism
School of psychology that considers behaviors in terms of active adaptions
Natural selection
Darwins theory that evolution favors those plants and animals best suited to their living conditions
William James (1842-1910)
William James was the son of philosopher Henry James, Sr., and the brother of novelist Henry James
Behaviorism
School of thought in psychology that emphasizes study of observable actions over study of the mind
Response
Any muscular action, glandular activity, or other identifiable aspect of behavior
John B. Watson (1878-1958)
Watsons intense interest in observable behavior began with his doctoral studies in biology and neurology
Radical behaviorism
A behaviorist approach that rejects both introspection and any study of mental events, such as thinking, as inappropriate topics for scientific psychology
B.F. Skinner (1904-1990)
Skinner studied simple behaviors under carefully controlled conditions
Dynamic unconscious
In Freudian theory, the parts of the mind that are beyond awareness, especially conflicts, impulses, and desires not directly known to a person
Psychoanalysis
Freudian approach to psychotherapy emphasizing the exploration of the unconscious using free association, dream interpretation, resistances, and transference to uncover unconscious conflicts
Neo-Freudians
Psychologists who accept the broad features of Freuds theory but have revised the theory to include the role of cultural and social factors while still accepting some of its basic concepts
Psychodynamic theory
Any theory of behavior that emphasizes internal conflicts, motives, and unconscious forces
Sigmund Freud (1856-1939)
For over 50 years, Freud probed the unconscious mind
Cognitive psychology
The study of information processing, thinking, reasoning, and problem solving
Operational definition
Defining a scientific concept by stating the specific actions or procedures used to measure it
Determinism
The idea that all behavior has prior causes that would completely explain ones choices and actions if all such causes were known
Free will
The ability to freely make choices that are not controlled by genetics, learning, or unconscious forces; the idea that human beings are capable of making choices or decisions themselves
Humanistic psychology
Study of people as inherently good and motivated to learn and improve
Self-actualization
The process of fully developing personal potentials,
Abraham Maslow (1908-1970)
As a founder of humanistic psychology, Maslow was interested in studying people of exceptional mental health
Psychology
The scientific study of behavior and mental processes
Biopsychosocial model
An approach acknowledging that biological, psychological, and social factors interact to influence human behavior and mental processes
Biological perspective
The attempt to explain behavior in terms of underlying biological principles
Evolutionary psychology
Approach that emphasizes inherited, adaptive aspects of behavior and mental processes
Neuroscience
The broader field of biopsychologists and others who study the brain and nervous system, such as biologists and biochemists
Psychological perspective
The traditional view that behavior is shaped by psychological processes occurring at the level of the individual
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