In exchange for arranging large loans to ________, Jacob Fugger was given a monopoly over silver, copper, and mercury mines in the Habsburg possessions of central Europe that produced profits in excess of 50 percent per year.
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Europeans
________ brought horses and cattle to the Americas, which revolutionized the life of the Indians.
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Spanish monarchy
The ________ was strong enough by the sixteenth century to pursue power both in Europe and beyond.
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Mercantilist theory
________ on the role of colonies was matched in practice by Europes overseas expansion.
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Baltic
Trade within Europe remained strong throughout the eighteenth century as wheat, timber, and naval stores from the ________, wines from France, wool and fruit from Spain, and silk from Italy were exchanged along with a host of other products.
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1419
In ________, Prince Henry founded a school for navigators on the southwestern coast of Portugal.
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Senegal River
In 1441, Portuguese ships reached the ________, just north of Cape Verde, and brought home a cargo of black Africans, most of whom were then sold as slaves to wealthy buyers elsewhere in Europe.
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joint stock company
The ________ made it easier to raise large amounts of capital for world trading ventures.
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Potatoes
________ became especially popular as a dietary staple in some areas of Europe.
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Portuguese trading posts
The ________ in the East had little direct impact on native Asian civilizations, although Dutch control of the Indonesian archipelago was more pervasive.
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Canada
In 1663, ________ was made the property of the French crown and administered by a French governor like a French province.
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Christopher Columbus
________ used this technique in his voyages to the Americas, and others relied on their new knowledge of the winds to round the continent of Africa in search of the Spice Islands.
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commercial expansion
The ________ of the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries was made easier by new forms of commercial organization, especially the joint- stock company.
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Ptolemy
One of the most important world maps available to Europeans at the end of the fifteenth century was that of ________, an astronomer of the second century.
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Christopher Columbus
________ used this technique in his voyages to the Americas, and others relied on their new knowledge of the winds to round the continent of Africa in search of the Spice Islands.
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Bakongo
A few years after 1441, the Portugese established contact with the state of ________, near the mouth of the Zaire River in Central Africa.
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Treaty of Utrecht
Already in 1713, by the ________, the French began to cede some of their American possessions to their British rival.
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Indonesian Archipelago
The Portuguese trading posts in the East had little direct impact on native Asian civilizations, although Dutch control of the ________ was more pervasive.
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Dutch East India Company
During its first ten years, investors received 30 percent of their money from the ________, which opened the Spice Islands and Southeast Asia to Dutch activity.
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The House of Fugger
________ went bankrupt at the end of the sixteenth century when the Habsburgs defaulted on their loans.
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Mercantilist theory
________ on the role of colonies was matched in practice by Europe’s overseas expansion.
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