Canadian Shield
first part of North America to emerge above sea level
lots of mountains
Incas
early advanced civilization in Peru
Mayans
early advanced civilization in Central America
Aztecs
early advanced civilization in Mexico
Maize
early form of corn grown by Native Americans staple crop
Pueblos
means "village" Rio Grande Valley people constructed irrigation systems to water corn
Nation-states
states with populations sharing language and culture
Cahokia
Mississippian settlement
Three-sister farming
maize, beans, and squash grown together
Iroquois Confederacy
powerful Native American group
strong military alliance
organized government
other tribes were scattered
Scandinavian Norse
found Northeastern coast of North America a long time ago (Newfoundland)
no strong support, villages abandoned
discovery was forgotten
Vinland
where the Norse first landed in Newfoundland
Christian Crusaders
fought in Holy Wars against Muslims
came into contact with Asian goods
wanted more, but too expensive because of long, hard route
Spice Islands
Southeast Asia/Indonesia/Indies
where spices & sugar came from
Middlemen
muslim
protected & guided merchants, got paid
expensive
Marco Polo
Italian adventurer
told tales of China and its riches
encouraged European desires for riches
Caravel
a portuguese ship that can sail in wind and currents
Sub-Saharan Africa
bottom of Africa below Sahara Desert
no access until the Portuguese due to currents & wind
Portuguese slave trade
Portuguese bought slaves to work on sugar plantations
origin of modern plantation systems
Sugar islands
africans carried here to work plantations
in Atlantic
Bartholomeu Dias
Portuguese explorer
first to round Southern tip of Africa
portuguese were going south in search of a water route to asia
Vasco da Gama
reached India and brought back sugar & spices encouraged people more to find a shorter route
Ferdinand of Aragon & Isabella of Castile
their marriage united spain
united 2 kingdoms together
gave spain new strength, wealth, and power
led to more discovery and conquest
Moors
Spanish Muslims bullied due to Holy Wars
Renaissance
rebirth: inspired discovery, innovation, adventure
Christopher Columbus
Italian seafarer supported by Spain
successful failure
tried to find water route to Indies, accidently found Bahamas & New World
"Indies"
columbus mistakenly called the bahamas "the Indies" and Native Americans "Indians"
Columbian Exchange
Europe: markets, capital, tech, DISEASE!!! New World: raw materials (precious metals, crops) Africa: slaves
Hispaniola
Haiti and DR
introduced Old World animals
grew sugar here (warm climate) ... Africans migrated
Taino
Native Americans where Columbus first landed
lived in Hispaniola
wiped out by disease :(
Treaty of Tordesillas
New World divided between Portugal and Spain
Conquistadores
Spanish conquerors exploring the New World for GGG
god, gold, glory
Vasco Nunez Balboa
discovered the Pacific claimed waves for Spain
Ferdinand Magellan
Spanish first circumnavigation of the world
beat stormy strip by South America
Juan Ponce de Leon
Spanish explored Florida, found "fountain of youth" killed by Natives
Francisco Coronado
Spanish explorer looking for fabled golden cities found Grand Canyon, bison herds, Colorado River
Hernando de Soto
Spanish found the Mississippi River cruelly mistreated Native Americans
Francisco Pizarro
Spanish conquistador who conquered Incas in Peru
Capitalism
spain grew rich from New World silver transformed economy more commerce, manufacturing, and trade
Encomienda
government gives Native American away as labor people convert slaves to christianity
Bartolome de Las Casas
Spanish missionary spoke out against encomienda
Hernan Cortes
Spanish conquistador who conquered Aztecs in Mexico
was looking for gold
had advantage: weapons, wealth, disease, 2 interpreters
Tenochtitlan
Aztec capital extremely large, elaborate, and populated
Moctezuma
Aztec chief thought Cortes was the god "Quetzalcoatl" didn't like Spanish greed so fought back
Noche Triste
Aztecs attacked the Spanish and chased them away
Cortes then laid siege to the city and it fell to Spain
Mestizos
A person of mixed Native American and European descent mexico = mixed race
Giovanni Caboto
(John Cabot) explored northeast coast of America for English
Giovanni da Verrazano
Italian mariner explored Eastern seaboard for France
Jacques Cartier
french went up St. Lawrence River
St. Augustine
spanish tried to protect their American land created a fortress to block french and protect carribean sea-lanes
Don Juan de Onate
Spanish, explored mexico abused Pueblo people fought in Battle of Acoma
Battle of Acoma
Spaniards under Oñate vs Pueblo Indians founded New Mexico all Native survivors had one foot severed
Pope's Rebellion
Spanish tried to convert people to Catholicism Pueblo rebels fought back tried to reclaim New Mexico
Robert de La Salle
French, explored Mississippi river
The Alamo
Spanish were starting to settle into Texas Pueblo uprising refugees came to San Antonio (Alamo) founded missions
Juan Rodriquez Cabrillo
CA was not colonized for a long time Cabrillo had explored coast but didn't find anything interesting
Father Junipero Serra
founded chain of missions down CA coast converted Natives to Christianity
"Black Legend"
the mistaken belief that Spaniards only did bad (cruelty and intolerance) but they also laid the foundations for nations