Unit 1 Chapter 1 APUSH 1 Giddes

Canadian Shield

- first part of North America to emerge above sea level
- lots of mountains

Incas

early advanced civilization in Peru

Mayans

early advanced civilization in Central America

Aztecs

early advanced civilization in Mexico

Maize

early form of corn grown by Native Americans
staple crop

Pueblos

means "village"
Rio Grande Valley people
constructed irrigation systems to water corn

Nation-states

states with populations sharing language and culture

Cahokia

- Mississippian settlement

Three-sister farming

maize, beans, and squash grown together

Iroquois Confederacy

- powerful Native American group
- strong military alliance
- organized government
- other tribes were scattered

Scandinavian Norse

- found Northeastern coast of North America a long time ago (Newfoundland)
- no strong support, villages abandoned
- discovery was forgotten

Vinland

where the Norse first landed in Newfoundland

Christian Crusaders

- fought in Holy Wars against Muslims
- came into contact with Asian goods
- wanted more, but too expensive because of long, hard route

Spice Islands

- Southeast Asia/Indonesia/Indies
- where spices & sugar came from

Middlemen

- muslim
- protected & guided merchants, got paid
- expensive

Marco Polo

- Italian adventurer
- told tales of China and its riches
- encouraged European desires for riches

Caravel

a portuguese ship that can sail in wind and currents

Sub-Saharan Africa

- bottom of Africa below Sahara Desert
- no access until the Portuguese due to currents & wind

Portuguese slave trade

- Portuguese bought slaves to work on sugar plantations
- origin of modern plantation systems

Sugar islands

- africans carried here to work plantations
- in Atlantic

Bartholomeu Dias

* Portuguese explorer
* first to round Southern tip of Africa
* portuguese were going south in search of a water route to asia

Vasco da Gama

reached India and brought back sugar & spices
encouraged people more to find a shorter route

Ferdinand of Aragon & Isabella of Castile

- their marriage united spain
- united 2 kingdoms together
- gave spain new strength, wealth, and power
- led to more discovery and conquest

Moors

Spanish Muslims
bullied due to Holy Wars

Renaissance

rebirth: inspired discovery, innovation, adventure

Christopher Columbus

- Italian seafarer supported by Spain
- successful failure
- tried to find water route to Indies, accidently found Bahamas & New World

"Indies"

columbus mistakenly called the bahamas "the Indies" and Native Americans "Indians"

Columbian Exchange

Europe: markets, capital, tech, DISEASE!!!
New World: raw materials (precious metals, crops)
Africa: slaves

Hispaniola

- Haiti and DR
- introduced Old World animals
- grew sugar here (warm climate) ... Africans migrated

Taino

Native Americans where Columbus first landed
- lived in Hispaniola
- wiped out by disease :(

Treaty of Tordesillas

New World divided between Portugal and Spain

Conquistadores

Spanish conquerors exploring the New World for GGG
- god, gold, glory

Vasco Nunez Balboa

discovered the Pacific
claimed waves for Spain

Ferdinand Magellan

Spanish
first circumnavigation of the world
- beat stormy strip by South America

Juan Ponce de Leon

Spanish
explored Florida, found "fountain of youth"
killed by Natives

Francisco Coronado

Spanish explorer looking for fabled golden cities
found Grand Canyon, bison herds, Colorado River

Hernando de Soto

Spanish
found the Mississippi River
cruelly mistreated Native Americans

Francisco Pizarro

Spanish conquistador who conquered Incas in Peru

Capitalism

spain grew rich from New World silver
transformed economy
more commerce, manufacturing, and trade

Encomienda

government gives Native American away as labor
people convert slaves to christianity

Bartolome de Las Casas

Spanish missionary
spoke out against encomienda

Hernan Cortes

Spanish conquistador who conquered Aztecs in Mexico
- was looking for gold
- had advantage: weapons, wealth, disease, 2 interpreters

Tenochtitlan

Aztec capital
extremely large, elaborate, and populated

Moctezuma

Aztec chief
thought Cortes was the god "Quetzalcoatl"
didn't like Spanish greed so fought back

Noche Triste

- Aztecs attacked the Spanish and chased them away
- Cortes then laid siege to the city and it fell to Spain

Mestizos

A person of mixed Native American and European descent
mexico \= mixed race

Giovanni Caboto

(John Cabot)
explored northeast coast of America for English

Giovanni da Verrazano

Italian mariner
explored Eastern seaboard for France

Jacques Cartier

french
went up St. Lawrence River

St. Augustine

spanish tried to protect their American land
created a fortress to block french and protect carribean sea-lanes

Don Juan de Onate

Spanish, explored mexico
abused Pueblo people
fought in Battle of Acoma

Battle of Acoma

Spaniards under Oñate vs Pueblo Indians
founded New Mexico
all Native survivors had one foot severed

Pope's Rebellion

Spanish tried to convert people to Catholicism
Pueblo rebels fought back
tried to reclaim New Mexico

Robert de La Salle

French, explored Mississippi river

The Alamo

Spanish were starting to settle into Texas
Pueblo uprising refugees came to San Antonio (Alamo)
founded missions

Juan Rodriquez Cabrillo

CA was not colonized for a long time
Cabrillo had explored coast but didn't find anything interesting

Father Junipero Serra

founded chain of missions down CA coast
converted Natives to Christianity

"Black Legend"

the mistaken belief that Spaniards only did bad (cruelty and intolerance)
but they also laid the foundations for nations