Untitled

Germ layer for Nucleotides

Mesoderm

Latin name for parasite with cysts

Lambila Intestinalis (giardia cyst form)

Bloodsucking tick for deadly disease

Dermacentor variabilis

Relationship between ABO and H blood group systems

H is precursor to ABO

Organelle for antigen processing

Golgi Apparatus

Polyspermy block in mammals

Cortical promotor

Cell from asymmetrical oocyte division

Polar body

Deviation from standard genetic code

Mitochondrial genetic code of yeast

Group of consecutive genes transcribed by same promotor in prokaryotes

Operons

Incomplete penetrance of a gene

Some individuals express trait, others don't

Function of cyclosome in cell

Anaphase Promotor

Nervous system in insects

Central nervous system

Tubular structure formed by endoderm in embryo

Digestive tube

Infection of human with Toxoplasma Gondi

Ingesting undercooked, contaminated meat

Nematode with eggs not found in host feces

Strongyloides stercoralis

Grey crescent in embryo

Marks future dorsal side

Changes in spermatozoa during capacitation

Natural physical changes for fertilization

Cells expressing CD4 surface protein

Helper T cells

Participation of proteasomes in antigen presentation

Cell-cycle progression and apoptosis

Post-transitional modification for insulin

Removal of signal peptide

Cell structure for secretion

Golgi apparatus -> secretory vesicles

Definitive host for Plasmodium

Humans

Difference between Plasmodium vivax and malariae

P. vivax produces large schizont in large RBC, P. malariae produces smaller schizont in regular RBC

Functions of synaptonemal complex

Mediates chromosome pairing between homologous chromosomes

Insect vector of Leishmania

Female sandfly

Parasite with pig as definitive host

Taenia solium

Region around the ear for bony fishes

Neurocranium (Regio otica)

Echinococcus granulosus definitive host

Dog

Ubiquitin

Small protein targeting other proteins for degradation

Protein domain

Interior structure of a protein

Protein with a domain structure

Zinc Fingers

Cyclin-dependent kinases (CDKs)

Regulate cell cycle progression

Gene expressivity

Degree of effect a gene has in an organism

Function of cortical reaction

Prevents polyspermy during fertilization

MALT

Mucosal-associated Lymphoid Tissue for immune responses

Definitive host of Toxoplasma gondii

Cats

Protein with disulfide bonds

Keratin

Cyclins

Family of proteins controlling cell cycle progression

Gene penetrance

Proportion of individuals showing genetic disorder symptoms

Acrosome reaction

Release of enzymes from sperm head during fertilization

Spermatogenesis

Formation of sperm cells

Parasite with an Anfas intermediate host

Dicrocoelium dendriticum

Host of Dicrocoelium dendriticum

Cows or Humans

Proteins storing DNA in sperm cell

Protamins

Receptor with transmembrane domain

Adrenergic receptor

Growth factors

Stimulate cellular growth and signaling

MHC in immunity

Major Histocompatibility Complex for immune recognition

Pachytene

Meiosis stage with crossing over

Parasite laying eggs in the Anus

Enterobius vermicularis

Genetic disorder types

Point mutation, Deletion, Aneuploidy

Parasite using Phlebotominae as Vector

Leishmania donovani

Post-translational modifications

Phosphorylation and glycosylation

Blastula vs

Blastula is single-layered, gastrula is multilayered

Immunoglobulin Pentamer

IgM

Embryonic structure developing brain and spinal cord

Neural crest -> Neural tube

Metamerism

Linear series of body segments in organisms

Latin name for kala-azar

Leishmania viscerale

Definitive host for Echinococcus granulosus

Dog

Polar Body in oogenesis

Condenses genetic material to form a haploid gamete

Proteins breaking down proteins

Protease or Proteasome

Intron

Non-coding part of DNA

MHC abbreviation

Major Histocompatibility Complex

Function of cortical reaction

Prevent polyspermy

Linked genes

Genes inherited together on the same chromosome

Longitudinal structure in vertebrate evolution

Neural tube -> Spinal cord

Latin name of Protozoa transmitted by Glossina flies

Trypanosoma brucei gambiense

Nematoda

Latin name for roundworms

Central Lymphoid organs

Thymus and Bone marrow

Cell cycle checkpoints

C1, C2, C3 for DNA damage and growth factor signaling

Alternative splicing protein

Spliceosome

Trichuris trichiura Infection

Humans get infected by consuming the egg from soil

Ethmoid Plate Fusion

Mesethmoideum and exethmoideum plates fuse to form the ethmoid plate in cartilaginous fishes

Euchromatin

Type of chromatin containing active genes, loosely packed unlike Heterochromatin

Translocation Mutation

Structural chromosomal mutation known as translocation

Helicase Function

Helicase unwinds the double helix in DNA replication

Metaphase Chromatin

Chromatin containing centromeric regions of chromosomes

Peptidyl Transferase

Enzyme forming peptide bonds between adjacent amino acids during tRNA translation

Complementation

Type of gene interaction known as Epistasis

Insertion Mutation

Gene mutation called insertion, leading to frame shift mutation

Fertilization Site

Fertilization in mammalian female reproductive tract occurs in the Ampulla of fallopian tube

Actin Cap Role

Actin cap keeps the spindles at the periphery of the egg

Genetic Imprinting

Genes working differently for males and females

Fertilization Differences

Mammals undergo internal fertilization, while water animals undergo external fertilization

Mosaic Development

Example of mammals with mosaic development includes Amphibians, Nematodes, and animals laying eggs externally

MHC

Major Histocompatibility Complex

Blastula vs

Blastula has one uniform cell layer, while Gastrula has three cell layers

Blastoderm

First epithelial cell layer in an embryo

Ooplasmic Segregation

Differential distribution of molecules in egg cytoplasm

Genes

DNA or RNA nucleotides determining inherited traits

Promoter Gene

Gene promoting transcription due to high polymerase affinity

Gene Expression

Translation of gene information into protein or RNA structures in the cell

Exons and Introns

mRNA regions where Exons code for proteins and Introns do not

Codons

Nitrogenous bases grouped into threes coding for amino acids

Stop Codon

Nucleotide triplet signaling termination of translation like UGA, UAG

Start Codon

Nucleotide triplet starting mRNA translation like AUG

Centromere Duplication

Occurs in S phase of the cell cycle

Monosomy 21

Only monosomy compatible in humans

DNA Transfer in Bacteria

Via horizontal gene transfer methods like transformation, transduction, or conjugation

Ribosomes

Tiny particles of RNA and associated proteins in the cytoplasm

Cysticercosis

Parasitic infection caused by larval cysts of Taenia solium, affecting brain and muscle tissues