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YACHAT Bio Stop Test - All 566 Questions Which germ layer makes Nucleotides? Mesoderm Latin name of a parasite that does cysts? Lambila Intestinalis (giardia cyst form) Write a Latin name of a bloodsucking tick which transmits a deadly human disease? Dermacentor variabilis What is thebetween blood group systems ABO and H? H is the precursor to ABO Which single membrane organelle is involved in the antigen progressing before itspresentation? Golgi Apparatus How does polyspermy block in mammals? Polyspermy is stopped bycortical promotor What is the name of the small cell, produced during asymmetrical oocyte division? Polar body Give an example for a genetic system that deviates from the standard genetic code? Mitochondrial genetic code of yeast What is the name of the group of consecutive genes transcribed by the same promotorin prokaryotes? Operons What does it mean a gene to be with incomplete penetrance? individuals whocarry the pathogenic variant express the associated trait whileothers do not What is the function of the cyclosome in the cell? Anaphase Promotor What type of nervous systems do insects possess? Central nervous system Which tubular structure located along the length of embryo is formed by the endoderm? Digestive tube Write at least one way for infection of human with Toxoplasma Gondi? Ingesting undercooked, contaminated meat Write the Latin name of a nematode whose eggs are never found in the feces of the host? Strongyloides stercoralis What is grey crescent? Marks the future dorsal side of the embryo Explain the changes in spermatozoa during capacitation. Natural physical changes that a spermatozoon undergoes in order to be able to fertilise the ovum Which cells express surface protein CD4. Helper T cells How do proteasomes participate in antigen presentation? Cell-cycle progression and apoptosis What kind of post transitional modification does insulin need? Removal of the signal peptide What is a cyclin? They regulate the cell cycle The gene transcription starts from a specific DNA sequence. How is it called? A promoter sequence Molecule catalyses formation of peptide bonds during translation? Ribozyme RNA Which is the most primitive type of nervous system? The diffuse nervous system In the development of which structure are the prechordal and cartilages involved? Mesoderm germ layer Write the Latin name of a nematode which infects human by consumption of raw or undercooked meat. Trichinosis What is the final result of complement activation? Deposit large quantities of C3b on the surface of the infecting pathogen, Give an example for capsulated peripheral lymphoid organs. Lymph Nodes What is a pronucleus? The haploid nucleus of either the egg or sperm, both present in the fertilized egg prior to their fusion What zona pellucida is made of? Three glycoproteins: ZP1, ZP2, and ZP3 What is the function of the nucleolus? Facilitating ribosome biogenesis Give the Latin name of the group of worms which excretory system consist of metanephridia. Lumbricus terrestris, Annelids Name of the first pair of pharyngeal reflection involved in the formation of the facial skull Maxillary prominences Which stage of Lamblia Intestinalis is the infective for humans? Giardia cysts Write the Latin name of the flatworm which forms hydatid cyst in the intermediate host. Echinococcus granulosus How the male genetic material is packaged during spermiogenesis? Streamlined spermatozoa capable of motility, packaged in the head of the sperm cell, hydrolytic enzymes to aid penetration, very compact. Write the Latin name of the follicle cell layers located above zona pellucida? Corona Radiata Name the process which makes the pathogen more attractive for the phagocytes. Complement protein Activation Which immunoglobulin protects intestinal mucosa from pathogens? IgA Name the small protein which is a signal for a transport of damage proteins. Caspase What is a spliceosome? Protein complex that removes introns during RNA splicing What is checked in the last cell cycle checkpoint (exit of mitosis) Growth to the appropriate cell size, the replication and integrity of the chromosomes, and their accurate segregation at mitosis. Replication starts from a specific DNA sequence. How is it called? Origin Of Replication What is the most primitive nervous system? The diffuse nervous system/ network of nerve cells From which germ layer arise the primary gut? Endoderm What is a cyclosome? Anaphase-promoting complex What is the small protein who brings peptidechains to proteosomes to degrade? Ubiquitin How is the male gene during spermogenesis packed? Tightly packed, It’s DNA are coiled around protamine protein What is the structure of trichomanas? - 10 μm in length - normally pear-shaped. - four flagella at its anterior end - Axocytyle - Cytostome Name the latin name of the parasite who has the crustacean as intermediate host? Diphyllobothrium Latum immunological method for Ag-Ab binding Qualitative methods which give information only about the presence of the Ag-Ab complex what immunoglobulin protects intestinal mucosa from pathogens IgA what is the packing of nucleus in spermiogenesis protamines what are the cell layers under zona pellucida plasma membrane of oocyte what makes pathogens more attractive to phagocytes opsonisation Difference in gravid proglottids in T solium and saginata T. saginata has more than 12 uterine branches on gravid proglottids, while T. solium has less than 12 name the vertebrates that has gills and then lungs as an adult Amphibians What is a pro nucleus? The haploid nucleus of a male or female gamete up to the time of fusion with that of another gamete in fertilization. what is the neurocranium? The portion of the skull that encloses and protects the brain. what is the mRNA cap for? Protects the transcript from being broken down and helps the ribosome attach to the mRNA and start reading it to make a protein. what is the function the nucleolus? is in facilitating ribosome biogenesis, through the processing and assembly of rRNA into preribosomal particles which Ig best for antigen presentation IgM difference between a terminator (stop codon in transcription) and stop codon (in translation) terminator is a sequence of nucleic that causes RNA polymerase to stop it activity, stop transcription stop codon is an mRNA nucleotide triplet that signaled the end of a newly formed polypeptide chain during translation what is alternative splicing? single gene encoding for multiple proteins, use recombination of exons to translate different proteins Name a peripheral capsulated lymphoid organ encapsulated (bone marrow and thymus) un encapsulated (lymph nodes, spleen and thymus) Example of reverse transcription RT-PCR, it is used to synthesize DNA from RNA What is Dermatocranium? part of the skull that is composed of dermal bone What evolutionary organisms with 3 semicircular canals? Mammals What lymphocyte does MHC II bind to? B lymphocytes Structure of Trypanosoma they have a nucleus, flagellum and an undulating membrane and kinetoplast Role of cyclosome it’s a multi subunit ubiquitin protein ligase that function to regulate progression through the mitotic phase of cell cycle What does promotor do? regions o the DNA that initiates transcription of gene What does variable gene expression mean? it refers to the degree in which a genotype is phenotypically expressed Reverse transcriptase duplicates structure give some examples Retroviruses such as HIV What insect caused plague? pulex irritans First animal with 2 atria Amphibians What is the name of second pharyngeal arch? Hyoid arch What ends transcription in RNA? Terminator by process called termination What is PCR and RT-PCR PCR- polymerase chain reaction, RT-PCR_ reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction plasmodium vivax infective stage Sporozoites how does the spindle fiber move to the oocyst Spindle fibers move chromosomes during cell division by attaching to chromosome arms and Centromeres what is the structure of dicrocoelium dendriticum 2 suckers, long slender body, the ovary and testes have irregular oval shape what germ layer is the notochord? mesoderm Name of parasite that has pig as definitive host Taenia solium Exampple of autosomal dominant diseases Achondroplasia Example of autosomal recessive diseases Sickle cell anemia In amphibians the middle ear contains a single bone that in bony fishes is a part of the facial skull Regio Otica Write at least one latin name of a bloodsucking deadly tick Hyalomma marginatum What cell type posses membrane receptors that are immunoglobulins B-Cells What is the name of oocyte glycoprotein envelope that blocks polyspermy Zona Pelicuda Mamalian early blastomeres are totipotent, what does it mean. Totipotent means that the cells can develop into any other cell in the body Which histone is located between nucleosomes H1 Which chromosomal part in interphase are structural heterochromatin Telomere and centromere The neurocranium of bony fishes Is subdivided into several regions, latin name of region that surrounds ear Regio etica What is the latin name of protozoan parasite transmitted by phlebotam Leishmania donovani How echinococcus granulosus infects humans Through ingestion by embyonated eggs that were passed by feces by candai What is synaptonemal complex Protein complex to responsible to perform crossing over during pachetyne (prophase 1) What is the encapsulated sun receptor on terrestrial animals Meissner corpusle Why is lgM better at activating compliment system than lgL Because it has more antigen binding sites How does ancylostoma duodenale infect humans By penetrating the skin What are plasma cells? Plasma cells are immunological cells produced by b-cells which realease antibodies as primary Response 46. The hosts for Fasciola hepatica Human Where does reverse transcription occur In retrovirus (eg HIV) Name the cell type that has MHC1 All nucleated cells (eg epithelial cells) What is a operon? DNA segment which contains adjacent genes, regulatory, structural and operator gene Name of the female tube that eventually becomes eriduet Mullerian Duct Latin name of parasite transferred by triatone Trypanosoma cruzi Define homologus chromosome Set of maternal and paternal chromosome that pair up during meiosis What structure in reverse transcription duplicate cDNA Describe structure of trypanosoma cells amastigote: round, slump and unflagelated Trypomastigote: long shaped and flagellated Epimastigote: smilar to trypomastigote but the kinetoplast is anterior to the nucleus Part of phagocyte participating in antigen presentation MHC2 receptor Content of polar body Set of haploid chromosome What is Okazaki fragment? DNA fragment formed on the lagging strand due to DNA polymerase only being able to move from the 5’ to 3’ direction What is spermatogenesis? Formation of spermcells Write at least one nematode which does auto infection Strongyloides stercoralis What are linked genes? Genes linked to one chromosome to each other What does TCE mean? T-cell receptors Name the intermediate host on Tania saginata Cattle In which protein is alternative splicing lgM Latin name for area surrounding nasal fish Regio ethmoidalis Which immunoglobulin is a pentamer lgM Which cells have MHC2 cells Antigen present cells Intermediate host of Tania saginata Cattle Function of Growth factors in cells Promote cell division What is zonal pelicuda Outerlayer for protection for the oocyte Latin name for roundworm Nematode Name the alternative splicing protein Splicersoma intermediate/definitive host of Tania saginata Definitive humans Intermediate: pig and cattle First period of meiosis Prophase 1 (leptotene, zygotene, pachytene diplotene diakinesis) What is the cell structure that connect homologous chromosomes during cross over? Chismata What changes during capacitation? Spermcell becomes mature, flagella starts to move and destabilization of a chromosome head Final host of dicrocoelium dentriticum Cow or human Name of common liver fluke Faciola hepatica What is the mechanism of recombinant of DNA Crossing over and segregation 3 checkpoints of a cell G1, G2 and metaphase/anaphase Part of prophase where chromosome crossing over happens Prophase 1, pachytene What is small circular DNA in bacteria? Plasmid What are the 2 stops in replication in oogenesis Prophase 1 and metaphase 2 What’s the replication mode in eukaryotic DNA Semi conservative What is the name of tapeworm that has human as definitive host and intermediate host Taenia solium Name any secondary (dermal) bone in skull of bony fish Maxilla, parietal, nasal Whats the difference between definitive host and intermediate host? Definitive host: where the sexual reproduction happens Intermediate host: where the asexual reproduction happens Give one example of one gene that uses alternative splicing IGM gene Write the name of parasite with undulating membrane which is transmitted by bloodsucking insect Trypanosoma rhodinese What is the name of big liver fluke and how does it infect humans? Facioloa hepatica, through ingestion Which bones is first formed in middle ears of terrestrial animals? Stapes Whats the vector for lyme disease? Deer ticks (ixodies scapularis) Bone marrow in immunological point of view Where B and T cells are developed Vector for trypanosoma brucei Tsetse fly Most important enzyme in transcription RNA polymerase Which histone is highly variable? H1 Name two bones in bony fishes that can carry teeth Dentale and plantinum Name two unicellular parasite that are transmitted by bloodsucking insects Trypanosoma and leishmania Name stages of life cycle of fasciola hepatica Egg, miracidium, radie, cercarie, adult, cercarie Function of DNA ligase An enzyme which repairs irregularities or breaks down in DNA, important in connecting Okazaki Fragment The major proteins of chromatin are called Histones Give an example of codominant alleles AB blood group What type of mutation is called duplication Frameshift A tapeworm that is host to human Taenia solium Which type of chromatin contains active genes? Euchomatin which is loosely packed Which protein kinesis are important in cell-cycle control? Cyclin depended kinasase and cyclin Which type of chromatin contains centromere regions of chromosomes? Metaphase chromatin Which type of gene interaction is called complementation? Epistasis Which gene type is called insertion? Frameshift mutation What is the role of actin cap? Keeps the spindles at the very periphery of the egg In what phase of the cell cycle do centromeres duplicate S-phase What unicellular parasite can form a cyst? Toxoplasma gondii Latin name for sleeping sickness and How are humans affected Trypanosomais What is hydatid cyst? A cyst formed by ecchinoccus, type tapeworm Bone of middle ear in mammals Stapes In which process is helicase used DNA replication Name 3 insect vectors that are infections Tsetsefly, sandply, ahopheles musqito Dieses form Tania saginata Taeniases What is the place that antibody attaches to the antigen Epitope What catalyzes peptide bonds in ribosomes Peptidyl transferase Latin name of cranial bones in bony fish Os sphenoideum, os ethmoideum, and os ocipitale Name the parasite that has larvae in muscles Trichinella spirals 3 bones in bony fish that form cranial roof Frontal, nasal and parietal bone Name of tapeworm that causes hydatid disease Echinoccus granulosus 168. How do you class chromosomes according tot he location of the chromosome Metameric, submetameric, aerometric and telomeric What is ICSI? Intra cytoplasmic sperm injection Name of diseases for trichomonad tenax Pulmonary trichomanasis What is the structure of class sestoda? Parasitic flatworms, live in the digestive tract of vertebrate, have scolex and segmented body Latin name for for 1 nose region around bony fish Ethmoidalis Latin name for nematode that docent have eggs in faces Trichinella spirali What process finishes at stop codon? Translation What are telomeres? Region of repeating sequence at the end of chromosome which protects the end of chromosome Define gene mutation, give one example When a DNA gene is damaged or changed, example frameshift What is the infective stage stage of entamoeba hystolitica? Inefective stage-release of eggs in species The cartilage that connect the jaw with bone of skull Fibrocartilage makes up the condylar cartilage Latin name for insect that creates bubonic place Pulex ivvirans What are 3 stop codons? UAA, UAG, UGA Give example of gene mutation Sickle cell anemia Write at least on latin name for one dermal bone from root of the skull in fishes Os sphenoidalis Write at least one way of infection of human with toxoplasma Gondi Dealing with cats feces How do t-cells recognize antigen T- cell can only recognize 1 pieces or whole antigen when it is presented on MHC molecule The gene transcription starts at a specific DNA sequence, how is it called The promotor gene sequence Functions of cyclins in a cell Kontrolls progression of cell through cell cycle, activated by CDK What are protostomes? Animals in which the blastopore becomes the mouth are called protostomes What are deuterostomes? Animals in which the blastopore becomes the anus are called deuterostomes What is recombinant DNA? Artificially made DNA strand that is formed by the combination of two or more gene sequences What is the function of kinetochore? Protein structure on chromatids where the spindle fibers attach during cell division to pull sister chromatids apart What is the structure that breaks down unwanted proteins? A Proteasome What is bilateral? Refers to the symmetrical arrangement of an organism or part of an organism along a central axis, meaning the organism can be divided into two equal halves What is a metamerism Metamerism is the repetition of organs in segments called metameres or somites What is a plasmid? Small circular DNA molecules that can replicate independently, commonly found in bacteria Definitive hosts of Fasciola Hepatica? Humans What is a primase? An enzyme which synthesises the production of a primer, which is short RNA segment that serves as the start of DNA replication. What is the cell structure of a cell going through cross over? This occurs during the pachytene phase of prophase 1 (Not really sure how to answer this one) What is a topoisomerase? An enzyme which relieves tension in a DNA strand by cutting the DNA strand and splicing it back together What is the role of tumour suppressor gene in cell cycle? Genes that slow down cell division, repair DNA mistakes, or induce apoptosis When in the oocyte development does it have a nucleus? In Oocyte development the nucleus is called a germinal vesicle, in prophase 1, this is when oogenesis stops ** What is the difference between ABO(H) system and the rhesus system? The ABO system refers to one set of antigens on red blood cells coded by the ABO gene. The corresponding antibodies are anti-A and anti-B antibodies. Depending on your genetics, you can have the A antigen, B antigen, both, or neither, in which case you'll have the blood types A, B, AB, or O respectively. A will produce anti-B antibodies, B will produce anti-A, and O will produce both. The Rh blood group system refers to a set of 50 antigens, but Rh factor refers only to the D antigen. If you are Rh positive, you have the D antigen and don't produce the corresponding antibody. What is the difference between agglutination and precipitation? precipitation, antigens are soluble molecules, for agglutination, antigens are large, easily sedimented particles. Definitive host of echinococcus granulosus Dogs What is the function of helicase? Enzymes which separate double-stranded DNA into single strands What are terminators? terminator is a section of nucleic acid sequence that marks the end of a gene or operon in genomic DNA during transcription. Which cell structure controls secretions? rough endoplasmic reticulum and the Golgi apparatus. Definitive host for plasmodium Hummans How can you determine difference between plasmodium vivax and malarie? P. vivax and P. malariae have similar morphological features, however P.vivix produces a large schizont that almost fills an entire LARGE red blood cell and subsequently produces 14-24 meroziotes while P.malariae has a smaller schozont which partially fills a REGULAR RBC so can only produce 6-12 meroziotes. What are the functions of the synaptonemal complex? It is a protein structure that forms between homologous chromosomes to mediate chromosome pairing. What is the insect vector of leishmania? The female sandfly Name of parasite that has pig as definitive host? Taenia soleium Region around the ear for bony fishes neurocranium? Regio otica What is the Echinococcus granulosus definitive host? Dog What is ubiquitn? Smal protein that targets other proteins for degradation by proteasome What is protein domain? Interiory structure Name protein with a domain structure? Zinc Fingers, they have multiple finger like protusions that make contact with their target molecules allowing folds to be made independent of the rest of the protein. What are CDKs? Cyclin-dependent kinases (CDKs) are a group of protein kinases that aid in regulating the cell cycle by signalling the cell that it is ready to pass into the next stage of the cell cycle. What is gene expressivity? the degree to which a particular gene produces its effect in an organism What is the function of cortical reaction? cortical reaction is a process initiated during fertilization by the release of cortical granules from the egg, which prevents polyspermy What is the function of MALT? Mucosal-associated Lymphoid Tissue (MALT) allows the immune system to sample microbial antigens for development of adaptive immune responses and provides a location for Plasma Cells to synthesize IgA Definitive host of toxoplasma gondi? Cats Protein that has disulfide bonds ? Keratin, which features supercoils of several polypeptides linked by disulphide bonds between adjacent cysteine amino acids. What are Cyclins? Cyclins are a family of proteins that control the progression of cells through the cell cycle by activating cyclin-dependent kinase (Cdk) enzymes. What is gene penetrance? Refers to the proportion of people with a particular genetic change (such as a mutation in a specific gene) who exhibit signs and symptoms of a genetic disorder What is the Acrosome reaction? The acrosomal enzymes in the head of the spermatozoa get released into the zona pellucida which then digest the ZP until the cell reaches the plasma membrane of the egg. What is spermatogenesis? Formation of spermcells Name a parasite that has an Anfas intermediate host Dicrocoelium dentritucum What is host dicrocoelium dendriticum? Definitive host: Cows or Humans Intermediate Host: Snails and Ants Which proteins are used to store DNA in sperm cell Protamins Name a receptor with transmembrane domain Adrenergic receptor What is the function of growth factors? To stimulate cellular growth by acting as signalling molecules between cells (ex: Hormones or cytokines) What is MHC in immunity? Major Histocompatibility comples (MHC) proteins are protein markers found on the surface of every cell that allow our immune system to distinguish between healthy cells and pathogens. Whats is the pachytene ? Stage of cell Meiosis where crossing over happens Name of the Parasite that lays eggs in the Anus? Enterobius vermicularis (pointy tail worm) (maggot worm) Name a type of Genetic disorder? Point mutation , Deletion, Chromosome abnormality Aneuploidy! (Trisomie 21) What it the name of the parasite that uses phlebotomiae as Vector? Leishmania donovani Examples of post-translational modifications Phosphorilation and glycolisation Difference between blastula and grastula? single-layered blastula becomes multilayered gastrula Which Immunoglobulin is a Pentamer ?. IGM What is the embryonic structure that develops the brain and spinal cord Neuralcrest -> Neuraltube -> CNS , Spinal cord , Brain What is metamerism? metamerism is the phenomenon of having a linear series of body segments fundamentally similar in structure Latin Name for kala-azar,black fever, and Dumdum fever? Leshmania viserales Definitive host for Echinococcus granulosus? Dog (Dog tape worm) What is a polar Body in oogenesis ? Condense extra genetic material to form a haploid Gamete (Ovum) What breaks down Proteins ? Enzyme called Protease or in the cell the Proteasome What is an intron? Not coding parts of the DNA Describe the abbreviation of MHC in immunology Major histocompatibility complex Function of the cortical reaction? Prevent polyspermy (release of Cortical granules ) Intermediate host of taenia Saginat? Cattel Latin name of the Teeth regions of the Bony fish? Vomer, palatinum, pterygoid bones + palatin teeth Function of growth factors in cells? Promote cell division Name one protein responsible for alternative splicing? Spliceosome Difference between Plasmodium Vivax and Plasmodium malaria? Vivax: Larger trophozoite larger Schizont invades young RBC , has a secondary exoerythrocytic cycle. What are the cell cycle checkpoints? C1,C2,C3 DNA dmg checkpoints , releasing growtfactor or p53 tumor suppressor hormone depends if pass or not. Name a Trematode in the blood Vessels? Schistosomula of Schistosoma mansoni What is acrosomal reaction? Relasing enzyme (arcosmiase) out of the head of the sperm to lyse the zona perlucida of the egg to connect to the Corona radiata. Which protein structure destroys proteins? Proteasoma Cell structure for secretion ? Golgiaparatus -> secretory vesicles What is zona pellucida ? Outer layer of protection for the oocyte Name a fly vector for protozoa Sand fly , tsetse fly What is TCR ? T-Cell Receptor Latin Name of Roundworm Nematoda Name the central Lymphoid organs ? Thymus and Bone marrow Which function have the cell cycle checkpoints ? Preventing cancer , checking for DNA damage , size of cell Name the alternative splicing Protein ? Splicerosoma What is MHC ? Major Histo combability complex Function of the Corticol reaction ? Prevent polyspermy What are linked genes ? Gens that get inherited together as they are close on the same chromosome What is the Longitudinal structure that in vertebrae evolution is first firm inner support of the body? Neural tube -> spinal Cord What is the Latin Name of Protozoa parasite transmitted by flies from genus glossina? Trypanosoma brucei gambiense Eggs of which Nematoda parasite needs maturation in the soil? Ascaris lumbricoides First period of Meiosis prophase 1 (Leptotene , Zygotene, Pachytene, Diplotene , Diakinesis) What is the Cell structure that connects homologous chromosomes during crossing over? Chiasmata What is a plasmid? Small DNA molecule physicly separated from the DNA , ex in bacteria, ring structure , holds Information my useful for survival , or to repair DNA Intestinal protozoa belong to which phylum ? Sarcomastigophora (Ex Enteromoebia Hystolytiker ) unicellular What is Bilateria? Both sides of the Organisms are Mirror images Animals with bilateral symetrie Final host of dicrocoelium dendriticum? Cow or Human What is metamerism? Segmentation of the body allows for specialisation of body parts having a linear series of body segments fundamentally similar in structure (eartworm) Name of common liver fluke? Fasciola Hepatica What is the mechanisms of recombination of DNA ? Crossing over What is MALT ? Mucosa Associated Lymphoid Tissue What is in the dermal layer in the skull of a bony fish? Bony scales are lost in the tetrapods and large dermal bones are found in some parts of the skull. What is a tumour suppressor gene? Gene responsible for preventing cancerous growth of a cell by acting as a fail safe. Can be caretaker genes, gatekeeper genes or landscaper genes What is a terminator? A base sequence indicating the end of a gene for transcription What is the small circular DNA in bacteria? Plasmid What are the two stops in replication in oogenesis? Arrested at Prophase I of meiosis I after birth until puberty, then held at Metaphase II until fertilization What's the difference between holometabolous and hemimetabolous? Hemimetabolous (nyphe) is where an insect partially metamorphs after birth while Holometabolous (larve pupae ) is when an animal undergoes total metamorphosis post birth What is the name of the tapeworm that has human as definitive and intermediate host? Taenia Solium What's the replication mode in eukaryotic DNA? Semi conservative Name any secondary (dermal) bone in skull of bony fish Maxilla How do polypeptide chains of immunoglobulin bind to each other Hydrogen bonds, van der Waals and hydrophobic interactions In which class of vertebrae does palatum durum first appear? Amphibians (NT Query - I can think this is correct but can't find 2nd source) Write name of parasite with undulating membrane which is transmitted by bloodsucking insect? Trypanosoma Rhodesiense What is the name of big liver fluke and how does it infect human? Fasciola hepatica, infected by ingestion of circadia on aquatic vegetation Which bone is first formed in middle ear of terrestrial animals? Stapes Whats the vector for lyme disease? Deer tick (ixodes scapularis) Which immunoglobulin has a dimer? IgA (dimer = two identical molecules linked together) What causes scabies? Caused by Itch mite, Sarcoptes scabiei Bone marrow in immunological point of view Where B and T cells are developed and B cells are matured Vector for trypanosoma brucei Tsetse fly Most important enzyme in transcription RNA polymerase Structure class cestoda Parasitic tapeworms that live in digestive tracts ofvertebrate Have Scolex (Head) which may have sucking grooves and segmented body (proglottid segments) What phenotype is bombay? hh What is telomere and what is its function? Repetitive sequence at end of chromosome protects chromosome from degradation or reaction Which histone is highly variable H1 Name an example of structural heterochromatin Found in centromere or Telomere Name an example for an autosomal recessive condition Albinism or cystic fibrosis or Sickle Cell Why are the cells produced during meiosis in oogenesis difference sizes? Ooocyte and polar bodies are produced and the polar body only gets very little cytoplasm and will disintergrate Name two bones in bony fishes that can carry teeth Dentale and plantinum Unicellular parasite transmitted by sexual contact Trypanosoma vaginalis Name two unicellular parasites that are transmitted by blood suckinng insects Leishmania and trypanosoma Name stages of lifce cycle of fasciola hepatica Egg, miracidum, radiae, cercariae, adult cercariae Function of DNA ligase Repairs irregularities or breaks in DNA, important in connecting Okazaki fragments The major proteins of chromatin are called…. Histones All proteins begin with one and the same amino acid, what is it? Methionine (AUG codon) Give an example of codominant alleles AB Blood group What type of mutation is called duplication? Frameshift What is embryonic induction? Interaction of one inducing tissue with another responding. Intracellular signals prompt certain developmental paths. One such example is embryonic neuralation. What is the patient's blood group if the test produces the following? Name an antigen splicing gene Phases of meiosis or mitosis 1. Mitosis: Prophase, Metaphase, Anaphase, Telophase (cytokinesis) 2. Meiosis: Prophase I (Leptotene, Zygotene, Pachytene, Diplotene, Diakinesis), Metaphase I, Anaphase I, Telophase I, Prophase II, Metaphase II, Anaphase II, Telophase II What is impacting A.? Effect on living organism and their non-living ( abiotic) environment due to human activity or natural phenomenon. What is a nucleolus and how is it formed? Small dense structure in nucleus during interphase, site of ribosome synthesis. Made of proteins and RNA, assemble and reform early in G1 following disassembly in mitosis. Formation of teeth Embryonic cells grow and calcify forming teeth. Latin name for facial skull that carries teeth Os maxilaris Difference between cyst and trophozoite in eclectus granulosus Cysts mostly found in liver and lungs while adult trophozoite phase in intestine. Cyst is circular and embedded in tissue while trophozoite has scolex and hooks to attach to intestine. What is in the dermal layer in the skull of a bony fish? Bony scales are lost in the tetrapods, and large dermal bones are found in some parts of the skull A tapeworm that is host to human Taenia Solium / Trichonata spiralis What is primase? Is an enzyme that allows the binding of an RNA primer to allow in order to initiate transcription What are the structural differences between different classes of antibodies? The Heavy chains are different, with different amino acids making up the α, δ, ε, γ, and μ chains. How do humans get infected by trichuris trichiura? By consuming the egg from soil Which plates in cartilaginous fishes fuse to form the ethmoid plate? Bones of the ethmoidal region - mesethmoideum and exethmoideum Which type of chromatin contains active genes? Euchromatin which is loosely packed (unlike Heterochromatin) Which mutation is called translocation? Structural chromosomal mutations What is the function of Helicase? Helicase unwinds the double helix in DNA replication Which type of chromatin contains centromeric regions of chromosomes? Metaphase Chromatin What is peptidy transferase? Enzyme that forms peptide bonds between adjacent amino acids during tRNA’s translation process. Which type of gene interaction is called complementation? Epistasis Which gene mutation is called insertion? Frame shift mutation Which part of mammalian female reproductive tract does fertilization take place? Ampula of fallopian tube What is the role of actin cap? It keeps the spindles at the very periphery of the egg What is genetic imprinting? When genes work differently for males and females Which are the principal differences between fertilization in mammals and animals in water? Mammals generally undergo internal fertilization while animals in water undergo external fertilization Example of mammals that have mosaic development 1. Amphibians 2. Nematodes 3. Animals that lay eggs externally What does MHC stand for? Major histocompatibility Complex What is the principle difference between blastula and gastrula? 1. Blastula there is one uniform cell layer 2. Gastrula there is 3 cell layers What is a blastoderm? First epithelial cell layer in an embryo What is ooplasmic segregation? Differnet distribution of molecules in egg cytoplasm What are genes? A stretch of DNA or RNA nucleotides determining a trait inherited from parent offspring. What is a promoter gene? A gene which promotes transcription due to high polymerase affinity What is gene expression? The translation of information encoded in a gene into protein or RNA structures that are present and operating in the cell. What are exons and introns? mRNA regions of codes, Exons code for proteins, Introns do not What are codons? Nitrogenous bases grouped into threes that code for amino acids What is a stop codon? Nucleotide triplet within mRNA that signals termination of translation UGA, UAG (+ another, query NT) What is a start codon Nucleotide triplet within mRNA first codon of a Messenger RNA (mRNA) transcript translated by a ribosome? AUG In what phase of the cell cycle do centromeres duplicate? They duplicate with the DNA in S phase What is the only monosomy compatible in humans? Monosomy 21 DNA transfer of bacteria Via horizontal gene transfer, may be transformation, transduction or conjugation. Ribosomes and what they’re made? Tiny particles consisting of RNA and associated proteins found in cytoplasm. They are coded for by RNA in the centrioles Cysticercosis Parasitic infection caused by larval cysts of Taenia solium, infecting brain, muscle or other tissue. Can cause seizures. Unpaired bone in fish Basiphenoideum, Praesphenoideum, Mesethmoideum, basiooccipitale, supraoccipitale, nasale Cytoplasmic bridges in sperm Spermatogonium remain connected by cytoplasmic bridges (forming syncytium) up until the very end of differentiation when sperm are released into the lumen. What unicellular parasite can form a cyst? Toxoplasma gondii Latin name for sleeping sickness and how are humans affected Trypanosomiasis, caused by Trypanosoma, can be chronic or acute What is a hydatid cyst? A cyst formed by Echinococcus type tapeworm. Cortical reaction Upon sperm binding with the Zona Pellucida a cortical reaction is triggered where cortical granules bind to the zona preventing polyspermy. Latin name for arch in fish skull Arcus mandibularis, Hyoideus, branchialis Why is DNA polymerase only able to synthesis on leading strand? DNA can only be synthesised in a 5’ to 3’ direction as DNA polymerase needs to act on the free 3’ hydroxyl group. DNA is antiparallel so the lagging strand is 3’-5’ How is lagging strand synthesized? Through the creation of Okazaki fragments, synthesized in a 3’ - 5’ direction Define TATA box A TATA box is a type of promoter sequence assisting in transcription. What is alternative splicing? Process during gene expression and post transcriptional modification of mRNA that results in a single gene coding for multiple protiens. Exons are cut out of the mRNA and can be translated separately. What are 1’ and 2’ bases? In what scenario could foetus be effected with Rhesus system Rh-negative mother, Rh-positive child (gets Rh gene from father) Difference between Taenia solium and T. saginata Solium infects pigs, Saginata cattle Bones of middle ear in mammals Stapes, Incus, malleus Function of Zona pellucida This is the binding site for spermatozoa upon fertilization and the site of the cortical reaction to prevent polyspermy What is required for fertilization in Intracytoplasmic sperm injections Egg + Sperm The spermatozoa is injected directly into the cytoplasm of the egg, often due to low sperm motility or issues with the acrosomal reaction What happens to male pronucleus during fertilization? Pronuclei membrane dissolves leaving no barriers between genetic information Chromosomes then combine and become part of single diploid nucleus How do male and female pronuclei meet? Mitotic spindles form between the pronuclei, capturing the chromosomes before they disperse in the egg cytoplasm. How do you class chromosome according to the location of the centromere 1. Metacentric (centromere in centre) 2. Submetacentric (centromere slightly offset) 3. Acrocentric (centromere severely offset) 4. Telocentric (centromere at very end of chromosome) In which process is helicase used DNA replication What is antigen presentation? The presenting of elements of an antigen on an MHC molecule by a nucleated cell for recognition by a T-cell. What is allo antigen? an antigen present only in some individuals of a species and capable of inducing the production of an alloantibody by individuals which lack it. How many dentitions are there in mammals? 32 dentitions Name 3 insect vectors that are infectious 1. Tsetse fly 2. Sandfly 3. Anopheles Mosquito (P. falciparum, P. vivax, P. malariae, P. ovale) Examples of endocranial bones Sphenoid Bone, Ethmoid Bone and Occipital Bone Disease from tenia saginatta Taeniasis and cysticercosis in cattle What is the place that the antibody attaches to the antigen? epitope What catalyzes peptide bonds in ribosomes? peptidyl transferase Latin name of cranial bones in bony fish? Os Sphenoideum, Os Ethmoideum and Os Occipitalis Name the parasite that has larvae in muscles Trichinella Spiralis Examples of different classes of antibodies and their functions IgM - Eliminates pathogens in the early stages of B cell mediated (humoral) immunity. IgA - Prevents colonization by pathogens. IgE - Activates basophils and mast cells to produce antimicrobial factors. IgD - Triggers histamine release from mast cells and basophils. 3 bones in bony fish that form cranial roof Frontal Bone, Nasal Bone and Parietal Bone What is a xenoantigen? An antigen found in more than one species. Name of tapeworm that causes hydatid disease? Echinococcus Granulosus What is the difference between linked and x-linked genes? Linked genes are found on the same chromosome, while x-linked genes are simply genes found on the X (sex) chromosome X-linked chromosome diseases Red-green colorblindness Life stages of mosquito? Egg - Lava - Pupa - Adult Infective stage of schistosomae & explain? No immediate symptoms, within 12 months develop fever, chills, cough and muscle ache Which nematodes release eggs in feces? Give examples and describe Ascaris lumbricoides, brown yellow surface. Trichiurs barral shaped and brown What is a pseudocoelom? Cavity between mesoderm and endoderm Latin name of fish Taenia and explain lifecycle Diphyllobothrium What is the fresh water parasite? Hydra UNEMBRYONATED Egg LAID and passed through faeces - Becomes EMBRYONATED in water - CORACIDIA form and are EATEN by crustaceans - Develops into PROCERCOID LARVAE in the crustaceans body - EATEN by small fish - Procercoid larva is RELEASED from the crustacean and develops into PLEROCERCOID LARVA. - EATEN by larger fish or UNDERCOOKED eaten by human - DEVELOPS into mature adult in small intestine. Part of cell cycle that has two chromatids S phase What is bivalent? A pair of homologous chromosomes Form of plasmodium falciparum found in blood. Trophozoite form Why is egg of trchina spiralis not found in feces? Larvae develop in stomach, no eggs are produced What are the alleles of the ABO blood group and how do they relate? Alleles are A, B and O. Some nematodes can infect by mosquito, what are they? Wuchereria bancrofti A parasite with an undulating membrane that infects liver? Echinococcus granulosus What is a Strobila? Name its parts Proglottid segments - Mature, Immature and Gravid. How are humans infected by fiscal hepatica and schistosoma? Hepatica: Eating of sea vegetation Schistosoma: Swimming cercariae penetrates the skin What are infective larva stages in of nematodes in the muscles and give latin name? L1 larvae and L3 larvae. Trichinella spiralis What is the name of the longes parasite in the intestine? Scardis lumbricodies What is the largest parasite in general? Dracunculus madenesis Name the organelle in the plant which has its own DNA? Chloroplasts What is apoptosis and Necrosis? Apoptosis = planned cell death Necrosis = Unplanned cell death (leads to inflammation) How can trichomonas vaginalis infect humans? During sex Sex linked genes Genes that are found on the X or Y chromosomes Latin names of round worms Phylum Nematod: ascaris saginata, enchinococcus granulosus, taenia solium diphyllobothrium latum, hymenolepsis nana What is a polytene chromosome and where is it produced? Oversized chromosomes in salivary glands of Winged flies (Dipterans) Regions of the cranial skull in fish Occipitalis, Calvaria, Otica, Sphenoidalis, ethonidalis Parastitic round worm in which autoinfection is typical Strongyloides stercoralis Differences between culex and anopheles Anopheles - rest with body at angle to surface, wing have dark spots, eggs laid singally and have air floats, head of larvae is longer and feeds on water surface Culex rest with body parallel to surface, wings unspotted, eggs laid in clusters with no air floats, head is rounded, feeds below water What is Opsonization? Where cells prepare an antigen for phagocytosis What happens to proteins after degradation? Amino acids are reused. Name of disease for Trichomonas tenax Pulmonary trichomoniasis Which organelles have their own DNA? Mitochondria Plasmids Chloroplasts What is a kinetochore and what is its function? Protein chromatids where spindle fibers attach. Forms in eukaryotes and assembles on the centromere linking the centromsome to microtubules What part of mRNA is recognised in translation? The start Codon Definition of dermal bones A. A type of bone that ossifies directly from membrane without a cartilaginous predecessor What is oncogenes? Gene which has potential to cause cancer by transforming into a cancer cell DNA transfer in bacteria A. Transduction DNA is moves from one organism to another using a Virus B. Bacterial conjugation involves the transfer of a plasmid from a donor cell to recombinant recipient How can you limit spread of T.Saginata and T.Solium? Cook Meat well What is the Big Liver fluke and how is it Transmitted? Fasciola Hepatica is a parasitic trematode transmitted of Watercress infected by the metacercaria from. What are the genes used in alternative splicing ? Exons What are the three check points in the cell cycle ? (restriction checkpoint),G2 ,Metaphase In which Vertebrate was the palatum durum first formed ? Reptilia What are the Bands formed between the polypeptide chains of Immunoglobins ? Disulphide bonds ( at Hinge region) At which stage of prophase I does synapsis occur ? Zygotene What is a Tumor suppressor gene ? Gen encodes Tumor suppressor protein p53 -> regulation cell cycle or promoting apoptosis. What is the Name of the unicellular parasite with an undulating membrane transmitted by a blood sucking fly ? Trypanosoma brucei gambiense In what phases of the cell cycle do the centrosomes duplicate ? G1 -> S Phase What is the first Bone in the Middle ear of the vertebrates ? 1. Malleus -> 2. Incus -> 3.Stapes Which antibody exist as a dimer ? IgA What is the blood sucking insect transmitting Lyme disease ? Ixodes ricinus ( castor bean Tick ) What is the only monosomy compatible in Humans ? Turner syndrome ( just one X chromosome instead of two sex chromosomes ) What is the region where Transcription starts ? TATA-Box Why is DNA polymerase only able to synthesise on leading strand ? It´s has to follow the primer and the replication fork , lagging strand gets replicated with the use of okazaki fragments How is the Lagging strand synthesised ? With the uses of Okazaki fragments , In small patches later joined by DNA ligase. What is alternative splicing ? Single Gene encoding for multiple proteins .The use of recombination (exclusion in pre MRNA) of exons to translate different proteins What are 1´and 2` bases ? Nucleosides In which scenario could be the foetus be effected by the rhesus factor? Mother RH – and the foetus RH + ( in second pregnancy with same Rh) Rh incomparability Difference between Taenia saginata and Taenia solium ? T. Saginata : Long neck 4 suckers with rostellum and hooklets , Vaginal sphincter T. Solium : short neck , 4 sucker without rostellum Give an example for recessive gene mutation ? Sickel cell anaemia , haemophilia Give an example of a structural heterochromatin Beads on a string , condense section of chromosome What is Robertsonian translocation ? Fusion of two acrocentric chromosomes What is the life cycle of Fasciola hepatica ? Indirect life cycle : Human as Adult , eggs excreted , embryonated eggs in water, Miracida hatches penetrates snail (sporocyst , rediae , Cercariae ) free swimming cercariae encyst on water plant -> get eaten , excyst in duodenum of definitive hoste (human , cattel ) How does MHC help in antigen representing ? Displays antigens t- helper cell for immune reaction Give to bony structures of a fish that have teeth on them Premaxilla , maxilla , jugal , dentary What is the function of DNA ligase ? Joining DNA strands together The major proteins of chromatins a called ? Histones All proteins begin with the same amino acids this is ? Codon AUG is the start codon and translates into methionine Give at least 2 single cell organisims that can be transmitted by a blood sucking vector Plasmodium Vivax , Malarie , Tripanosoma cruzi , leishmanial dolovani, Give an Example for codominant alleles. AB-blood type Which type of mutation is called duplication ? Polyploidy ( Numerical chromosome aberration ) ? What is embryonic induction ? Introducing early embryonic tissue into another early embryonic tissue of a different host. (Mangold experiment) What is the name of the tapeworm which has Human as Defined and Intermedia host ? Hymenolepis Nana What is the replication mode in eukaryotic DNA ? Bubble , eye , theta Name any secondasy (dermal) bony in the skull of the bony fish : Premaxilare , vomer , maxillare During which phase of prophase does crossing over occur ? Pachytene of prophase I How does polypeptide chains of Immunoglobin bind to each other ? Disulphide bonds What is genetic imprinting ? The expressing of a gen depending on its origin , if paternal gen is imprinted the maternal one will be expressed. What is the mesenchym? Embryonal pluripotent tissue producing endoderm and mesoderm What is the principle difference in fertilization in mammals and animals that live in water? Mammals : Internal fertilization , water animals external fertilization. Which gene mutation is called insertion? The insertion of a new tripled in to the replication (can be Nonsense / missense codon) What are morphogens? Proteins , transcriptional factors, small molekuels which provokes the differentiation process in embryogenesis In which part of the female reproductive tract does fertilization happens? Uterine tubes Which structure of the embryo is called blastopore? The invagination of vegetal balstomeres which later will become either the mouth or the anus of the Animal What is the function of helicase? Separating under use of ATP the DNA strands (hydrolysis) Which type of chromatin contains centromeric regions of the chromosomes? Metaphase Chromatin What is peptidyl transferase? Enzymatic function of the ribosome to build peptidbondings between the aminoacids Write the name of a parasite with underlating membrane which is transmitted by a blood sucking insect. Trypanosoma brucei (tsetse fly), trypanosoma cruzi (bed bug) What is the name of the big liver fluke and how does it infect? Faciola hepatica over water cress Which parasite with an underlating membrane infects the liver? Trypanosoma brucei gambiense How do you classify chromatids according to where the centromere is? Acrocentric, metacentric, telocentric and submetacentric Which process is helicase involved in? Hydrolysis of the hydrogenic bonds between the DNA strands What is the function of the proteasome? Lysis of proteins How many dentitions are in Humans? Diphodontie ( Dentitions the toothing happens two times ) What are 6 regions of the skull of the fish : Neurocanium : Exoocipitale sinestra , dextra , basoocipitale , supraocipitale , epiopticum sinstra , dextra What is the difference between Gastrula and blastrula describe ? Single layered Blastula becomes multi-layered Gastrula (ectoderm , mesoderm,endocerm) What is the Name of the auto infectious round worm ? Enterobius vermicularis (threadworm) What is a tetrad chromosome ? The foursome during meiosis made by two homologous chromosomes that have already replicated into a pair of sister chromatids. What is a terminator? section of nucleic acids that marks the end of a gene What is the small circular DNA is bacteria? Plasmid What are the 2 stops in replication in oogenesis? At Prophase 1 after birth until puberty. Than held at Metaphase 2 until fertilization Difference between holometabolism and hemimetabolism? Holometabolim: total metamorphysis after birth (embryo/egg-larva-pupa-imago[adult]). Hemimetabolism: partial metamorphysis (egg-nymph-imago) Tapeworm with human as intermediate and definitive host? Taenia Solium Replication type in eukaryotic DNA? semi-conservative (1 half old strand-1 new) Name any secondary dermal bone in the skull of bony fish: maxilla, parietal bone, nasal bone How do polypeptide chains of immunoglobulin bind to each other? Hydrogen bonds, Van der Waals forces and hydrophobic interactions In which class of vertebrae does Palatum durum first appear? Reptiles Name of parasyte with undulating membrane transmitted by bloodsucking insect? Trypanosoma brucei (Rhodesiense) What is the name of the „sheep liver fluke“ and how does it infect humans? Fasciola hepatica,ingestion of cysts on aquatic vegetation Which bone is first formed in the middle ear of terrestial animals? stapes Vector for Lyme disease? deer ticks (ixodes scapularis) Which immunoglobulin has a dimer (2 identical molecules linked together)? IgA What is capacitation? functional maturation of spermatozoa: destabilization of acrosomal sperm head membrane allowing penetration of oocyte and chemical changes in the tail for greater mobility. Takes place after ejaculation in female reproductive tract. Branchial arch in fish? gill arches, boney loops that support the gills Bone marrow in immunological pov? B and T-cells are developed and B-cells matured here. Vector for Trypanosoma brucei? Tsetse fly (Genus Glossina) Most important enzyme in transcription? RNA Polymerase Structure of class cestoda? parasidic flatworms, life in digestive tract of vertebrates. Scolex(head) with sucking grooves and asegmented body (proglottid segments → continuously produced by scolex) What phenotype is “Bombay“? hh /Oh Which histone is highly variable? H1 Example of structural heterochromatin? found in centromere and telomere Example for an autosomal recessive Albinism, cystic fibrosis, sickle cell Why are the cells produced during meiosis in oogenesis different sizes Oocyte and polar bodies are produced, polar body only gets very little cytoplasm and will be desintegrated Name 2 bones in bony fishes that can carry teeth: Dentale and Pre-maxilla Name 2 unicellular parasytes transmitted by bloodsucking insects Leishmania and Trypanosoma Stages of lifecycle of Fasciola Hepatika? egg, miracidium, radiae, cercariae, adult cercanae Function of DNA ligase? repaird irregularities and breaks in DNA, connects okazaki fragments Mayor Proteins of chromatin: Histones (5 main types) With which Aminoacid do all Proteins begin? Methionine as a part of the AUG start codon Example of codominant alleles? AB blood group What type of mutation is called duplication? gene, chromosome, genome duplication(?) What is embryonic induction? Interaction of one inducing tissue with another. intercellular signals prompt certain developement paths e.g. embryonic neuralation Phases of Mitosis and Meiosis? Mitosis: Pro-,Meta-,Ana-,Telo-, (cytokinesis) Meiosis: Prophase I (Leptotene,Zygotene, Pachytene, Diplotene, Diakinesis) Meta I,Ana I,Telo I,Pro II, Meta II, Ana II, Telo II, What is impacting? effect of living organism on non-living surroundings (abiotic) What is the Nucleolus and how is it formed? small, dense structure in Nucleus during interohase. Site of Ribosome synthesis. Made of Proteins and RNA. Disassembled in Mitosis, reassembled and reformed in early G1. Formation of teeth. embryonic stem cells grow, form enamel organ which produces enamel forming the teeth. Process is regulated by the “sonic the hedgehog“ gene What is the dermal layer in the skull of a bony fish? Bony scales are lost in the tetrapods and large dermal bones are found in some parts of the skull A tapeworm whose host is human. Taenia Solium, Trochonata Spiralis What is Primase? enzyme that allows the binding of a RNA primer in order to inititate transcription How do humans get infected with trichuris trichiura ? digesting the egg left in the soil Which plates of cartilaginous fish fuse to form the ethmoid plate bones of the ethmoidal region- mesethmoideum and exethmoideum What is a primer? short strand of RNA/DNA where DNA synthesis starts Which type of chromatin contains active genes? euchromatin (loosely packed, unlike heterochromatin): most active part of genome, frequently in translation What is an anticodon? triplet of bases that is placed on a codon of the mRNA strand by tRNA during Protein synthesis Function of Helicase? unwinds the double helix in DNA replication with ATP usage Which type of chromatin contains centromeric regions of chromosomes? Metaphase chromatin Which type of gene interaction is called complementation Epistasis Which gene mutation is called: insertion? addition of one or more basepairs into a DNA sequence Where does fertilization take place (female mammal)? Ampula of fallopian tube What is the role of the actin cap? keeps spindles at the very periphery of the egg(?:couldn't find it-sounds about right though) What is genetic imprinting? genes are deactivated depending on the parent: if maternal allele is imprinted only the paternal is expressed and vice versa What is mesenchyme? loosely organized mesodermal embryonic tissue that developes into CT and skeletal tissue including blood Principal differences between mammals and water animals? Mammals: Internal fertilization, Water animals: external fertilization Size of mature follicle? 18-30mm Example of animals with mosaic developement? Amphibians, Nematodes, animals that lay eggs externally What does MHC stand for? Major histocompatibility complex What is ooplasmic segregation? different distribution of molecules in egg cytoplasm. Difference between the process of a spermatozoa entering the egg in human and sea urchid? human egg has cortical reaction preventing polyspermy while sea urchin has an immediate depolarization of the membrane (fast block)to prevent it, followed by a slower cortical reaction similar to humans What are genes? a stretch of DNA/RNA nucleotides determining a trait inherited from parent to offspring What is a peptidyl transferase gene? a gene that promotes transcription due to high polymerase affinity (provide secure initial binding site close to the starting sites of genes 100-1000 basepairs long) What is gene expression? translation of information, encoded in a gene: creating proteins or RNA structures that are present and operating in the cell (gene info → functional gene product) What is a spiceosome? protein and RNA complex: splices introns out of mRNA, then joins exons together to create mRNA (mature) What are codons? groups of 3 nitrogenous bases. Together they code for the 20 amino acids (in protein biosynthesis) as well as stop codons. They are fitted onto a mRNA strand by Ribosomes and transported by tRNA. What is a start codon? First codon of mRNA translated by the Ribosome. AUG most common. In what phase of the cell cycle do centromers duplicate? with the DNA in S phase (between G1 and G2)