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Autosomal recessive trait
A trait that requires two copies of a mutation, one from each parent, to be expressed.
haploid
single set of chromosomes
antigen
anything that binds to an antibody
the sugar is added to the blood cell, enzyme recognizes the sugar
wild type allele
most common allele in a population
not necessarily fominant allele
designated with a +
mutant allele
rare allele within a population
monomorphic genes
a gene with only one common wild type in a population
agouti gene
almost everyone has the same allele, homozygous
polymorphic
no one type that is present at an unusually high rate
A/B/O
genetic consequence of mitosis
two genetically identical daughter cells, 2n
genetic consequence of meiosis
four genetically unique gametes, n
ploidy
number of chromosome sets
diploid
two set of chromosomes
squash
12-3-1
white-yellow-green
W_Y_ white
wwY_ yellow
wwyy green
dominant epistastatis
labs
B_E_ black
bbE_ brown
__ee yellow
recessive epistatis
true dihybrid
1-1-1-1
AaBb x AaBb
B
mutation to the I gene, 7 mutations to add B sugar
O
anti A,B
no sugar is added, deletion mutation from type A
AB
no antibodies
ā¤ a pair of sister chromatids are genetically identical to each other
ā¤ a homologous pair of chromosomes are the same in length, centromere position, carry genes affecting the same traits all though they be differnt alleles
ā¤ crossing over and independant assortment are responsible for generating variation in gametes during meiosis
ā¤ separation of chromatids takes place in Meiosis II not meiosis I
syntenic genes
genes located on the same chromsome
Bombay phenotype
occurs when an individual is homozygous recessive at the H-locus
cannot produce the H substance, appear to have type O blood, but cannot receive type O blood.
Genome
The complete set of genetic instructions encoded in nucleic acids.
Gene regulation
The processes that control the expression of genetic information.
Model genetic organism
An organism widely used in genetic studies, characterized by short generation time, large progeny numbers, adaptability to lab environments, and low propagation costs.
Cell theory
The principle that all life is composed of cells, and cells only arise from other cells.
Germ-plasm theory
The concept that cells in reproductive organs carry a complete set of genetic information.
Mendelian inheritance
The inheritance of traits according to defined principles established by Gregor Mendel.
Homologous
Chromosomes that are the same in length and centromere position, carrying genes affecting the same trait.
Karyotype
A pictorial representation of an organismās chromosomes, arranged with the largest pair first.
Sister chromatids
Genetically identical copies of a chromosome held together at the centromere.
Prophase
The stage in cell division where chromosomes condense.
Prometaphase
The stage where the nuclear membrane disintegrates and microtubules attach to chromatids.
crossing over
Metaphase
The stage where chromosomes line up on the metaphase plate, ready to be separated.
Anaphase
The stage where sister chromatids separate and move towards opposite poles.
Telophase
The stage where chromosomes arrive at spindle poles and the nuclear membrane reforms.
Bacteria
Prokaryotic unicellular organisms, classified as eubacteria.
Archaea
Unicellular organisms with a prokaryotic cell structure.
Nucleus
The compartment in eukaryotic cells that contains chromosomes, enclosed by the nuclear envelope.
Histones
Proteins associated with DNA that help regulate its accessibility and enable it to fit into the nucleus.
Chromatin
The material found in the eukaryotic nucleus, consisting of DNA and proteins.
Virus
A noncellular replicating structure made of nucleic acids surrounded by a protein coat, capable of replication only within a host cell.
Centromere
The constricted region on a chromosome that serves as the attachment point for spindle microtubules.
Kinetochore
A structure that assembles on the centromere before cell division, where spindle fibers attach.
Telomeres
The stable ends of eukaryotic chromosomes, consisting of specific DNA sequences and associated proteins.
Origins of replication
Sites where DNA synthesis begins.
Gene
An inherited factor that helps determine a characteristic.
Allele
One of two or more alternative forms of a gene.
Locus
The specific place on a chromosome occupied by an allele.
Genotype
The set of alleles possessed by an individual organism.
Heterozygote
An individual possessing two different alleles at a locus.
Homozygote
An individual possessing two of the same alleles at a locus.
Phenotype
The appearance or manifestation of a characteristic.
Characteristic
An attribute or feature possessed by an organism.
Principle of segregation
The principle that homologous chromosomes segregate during meiosis, resulting in gametes with one allele per gene.
Monohybrid cross
A genetic cross between two individuals focusing on one gene.
Dominance
The phenomenon where only the trait encoded by one allele is observed in the phenotype when two different alleles are present.
Dihybrid crosses
Genetic crosses between two individuals focusing on two genes.
Principle of independent assortment
The principle that genes encoding different characteristics segregate independently during gamete formation.
Complete dominance
A form of inheritance where one allele completely masks another.
3-1
Incomplete dominance
A form of inheritance where the phenotype is a blend of two different alleles.
1-2-1
Codominance
A form of inheritance where both alleles are expressed equally in the phenotype.
1-2-1
Epistasis
A type of gene interaction where one gene pair masks or modifies the effects of another gene pair.
Epistatic gene
The gene that masks or modifies the effects of a gene at a different locus.
Hypostatic
The gene of a locus that is being masked or modified by another gene.
Recessive epistasis
if the recessive gene is there at all, the dominant gene does not work
G 9-3-3-1
P 9-3-4
Note 
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