Chapter 9 - Foundations of group behavior

Psychological contract

________: unwritten agreement that sets out what management expects from an employee and vice versa.

Social loafing

________: tendency of individuals to extend less effort when they work collectively, then when they work individually.

Diversity

________: extent to which members of a group are similar to, or different from another.

Conformity

________: phenomenon of adjusting the behavior of an individual to align with the norms of the group.

Cohesiveness

________: degree to which group members are attracted to each other and are motivated to stay in the group.

particular objectives

Group: two or more individuals, interacting and interdependent, who have come together to achieve ________.

Groupthink

________: phenomenon in which norm for consensus overrides the realistic appraisal of alternative courses of action.

identity theory

Social ________: perspective that considers when and why individuals consider themselves members of groups.

Deviant workplace

________ behavior: voluntary behavior that violates significantly organizational norms.

Group shift

________: phenomenon of changing the level of risk of a decision towards greater risk /conservatism.

Role expectations

________: how other believe a person should act in a given situation.

Role conflict

________: situation in which an individual is confronted by divergent role expectations.

Norms

________: acceptable standards of behavior within a group that are shared by the groups members.

Nominal group technique

________: group decision- making method in which individual members meet face- to- face to pool their judgements in a systematic but independent fashion.

Group properties

________: roles, norms, status, size, cohesiveness and diversity.

Reference groups

________: significant groups to which individuals belong or wish to belong and with whose work norms individuals are willing to conform.

Role

________: set of expected behavior patterns attributed to someone occupying a given position in a social unit.

Group

Two or more individuals, interacting and interdependent, who have come together to achieve particular objectives

Formal group

Designated work group defined by an organization’s structure

Informal group

Group that is neither formally structured nor organizationally determined, such a group appears in response to the need for social contact

Social identity theory

Perspective that considers when and why individuals consider themselves members of groups

In-group favoritism

Perspective in which we see members of our in group as better than other people and not people in our group as all the same

Five-stage group-development model

Forming stage, storming stage , norming stage, performing stage and adjourning stage

Punctuated-equilibrium model

Set of phases that temporary groups go through that involves transitions between inertia and activity

Role

Set of expected behavior patterns attributed to someone a occupying a given position in a social unit

Role perception

Individual's view of how he/she is supposed to act in a given situation

Role expectations

How other believe a person should act in a given situation

Psychological contract

Unwritten agreement that sets out what management expects from an employee and vice versa

Role conflict

Situation in which an individual is confronted by divergent role expectations

Norms

Acceptable standards of behavior within a group that are shared by the groups members

Performance norms

Level of output, time constraints

Appearance norms

Dress code

Social arrangement norms

Ability to form friendships within the workplace

Resource allocation norms

Assignment of challenging jobs

Conformity

Phenomenon of adjusting the behavior of an individual to align with the norms of the group

Reference groups

Significant groups to which individuals belong or wish to belong and with whose work norms individuals are willing to conform

Deviant workplace behavior

Voluntary behavior that violates significantly organizational norms

Status characteristics theory

Theory which states that differences in status characteristics create status hierarchies within groups

Social loafing

Tendency of individuals to extend less effort when they work collectively, then when they work individually

Cohesiveness

Degree to which group members are attracted to each other and are motivated to stay in the group

Diversity

Extent to which members of a group are similar to, or different from another

Groupthink

Phenomenon in which norm for consensus overrides the realistic appraisal of alternative courses of action

Group-shift

Phenomenon of changing the level of risk of a decision towards greater risk/conservatism