AP Psych - Intelligence

Cognition

thought

Concepts

set of ideas

Prototype

best example

Hierarchies

organization of concepts in categories and subcategories

Problem Solving

process of achieving goalsW

Working Backwards

starting with conclusion

Means-Ends Analysis

one solves a problem by considering the obstacles that stand between the initial problem state and goal state

Creating Subgoals

breaking down steps to solve a problem

Algorithms

generating step-by-step solutions

Heuristics

short-cuts based on experience with similar problems

Mental Sets

still using the same solutions (which may have worked in the past) facing new problems

Functional Fixedness

using tools only in the usual way

Confirmation Bias

seeing only your solution in all evidence

Representativeness Heuristic

making judgements based only on prototypes, rather than evidence

Availability Heuristic

draw conclusions based only on most easily remembered (available) info, rather than on all info

Creativity

ability to generate new ideas

Fluency

generation of a large number of solutions

Flexibility

ability to shift problem-solving strategies

Originality

ability to see unique solutions to a problemE

Elaboration

follow-through and detail

Divergent Thinking

starts with one thing and generates many related ideas

Convergent Thinking

narrows in on one solution

Guilford Unusual Uses Test

generating many uses for an object or objects

Torrance Incomplete Figure Test

drawing test of creativity

Remote Associates Test

convergent creativity test coming up with fourth word that connects three others

Anagrams Test

reorganizing letters to create words; measure of verbal creativity

Intelligence

the ability to learn from and adapt to novel situations and to use that knowledge to create a desire outcome

Charles Spearman’s General Intelligence (g)

theory that intelligence comes from a general all-purpose processing power

Raymond Cattell’s Fluid Intelligence

ability to solve new problems

Crystallized Intelligence

accumulated knowledge and skills

Howard Gardner’s Multiple Intelligences

intelligence includes at least 9 separate abilities

Linguistic

verbal ability

Logical-mathematical

computation and logic

Spatial

visual logic

Musical

Understanding tones and rhythms

Kinesthetic

Understanding physical movements (fine and gross motor)

Interpersonal

Understanding others

Intrapersonal

Understanding yourself

Naturalistic

Understanding plants and animalsS

Spiritual

Understanding our place in our relationship to religion and spirituality

Robert Sternberg’s Triarchic Theory

intelligence is made up of three overall components

Analytical Intelligence

book smarts

Practical Intelligence

ability to apply concepts

Creative Intelligence

ability to come up with new solutions

Intelligence Quotient (IQ)

numerical score of intelligence with an average of 100

Normal Distribution

statistical relation shaped like a bell - more scores at or near average

Wechsler Intelligence Scale

most used IQ test

Standardization

given under similar circumstances and scored by comparison with others

Reliability

scores are steadyish

Validity

the test goes along with or predicts something else

Individualized Education Plan (IEP)

under federal law, plan for dealing with special education needs

Stereotype Threat

Claude Steele’s theory explaining how prejudice is internalized and can interfere with performance

Flynn Effect

rising of intelligence scores through 20th century

Genius

score of over 132 on IQ test

Intellectual Impairment

score of under 70 on IQ test with interference with life functions

Savants

individuals with severe limitations (some with autism spectrum disorder) and areas of extraordinary ability

Child Prodigies

extraordinary abilities at a young age