deductive syllogisms and hypothetical reasoning

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6 Terms

1
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antecedent

IF

2
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consequent

THEN

3
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affirming the antecedent (modus ponens)

VALID

If a substance is acidic, it will turn the paper red.

This substance is acidic.

Therefore, it will turn the paper red

4
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denying the antecedent

INVALID

If an animal is a bird, it lays eggs.

This animal is not a bird.

Therefore it does not lay eggs.

5
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affirming the consequent

INVALID

If a plant is a cactus, it needs little water.

This plant needs little water.

Therefore, it is a cactus.

6
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denying the consequent (modus tollens)

If this sample has starch, it will turn blue with the chemical.

The sample did not turn blue.

Therefore, the sample does not have starch.