section 5 notes.docx

Plasma

Plasma

Substances carried in plasma such as vitamins, minerals, and hormones.

Platelets

Blood components that help in blood clotting.

Red blood cells

Cells that carry oxygen, with a biconcave shape for efficient oxygen diffusion and no nucleus to provide more space for hemoglobin.

Anaemia

Condition of iron deficiency leading to symptoms like shortness of breath and tiredness due to less hemoglobin in red blood cells.

High altitude impact on exercise

Training at high altitudes to produce more red blood cells for efficient oxygen transport, benefiting performance at normal altitudes.

White blood cells

Cells that fight disease, including phagocytes that engulf pathogens and lymphocytes that produce antibodies to destroy pathogens.

Vaccination

Inserting dead or inactive pathogens to stimulate antibody production by lymphocytes for a faster and stronger immune response.

Arteries

Blood vessels with thick walls and elastic fibers, carrying blood at high pressure away from the heart.

Veins

Blood vessels with thin walls and valves to prevent backflow, carrying blood at low pressure towards the heart.

Capillaries

Blood vessels with permeable walls, one cell thick, and a small lumen for efficient exchange of substances.

Coronary heart disease (CHD)

Condition where coronary arteries are blocked with plaque, leading to reduced oxygen supply and potentially causing a heart attack.

Kidneys

Organs responsible for removing urea, adjusting ion levels, and regulating water content in the body.

Kidneys structure

Components like glomerulus, Bowman's capsule, proximal convoluted tubule, loop of Henle, distal convoluted tubule, and collecting duct involved in filtration and reabsorption processes.

Dehydration response

Release of ADH by the pituitary gland to increase water reabsorption in the collecting ducts, reducing urine output.