Psych 230 Exam 2 (dont kys ur so sexy)

Facial Feedback Hypothesis

sensory feedback from our facial expressions can affect our mood

What is the relationship between botox injections and emotion?

Paralyzes facial muscles which makes emotions less intense

emotions associated with bilateral changes in:

Limbic system

What is included in the Limbic System

Insula, amygdala, striatum, cingulate cortex, prefrontal corte

Love results in increased activity where?

Insula, anterior cingulate cortex, striatum

Love results in decreased activity where?

posterior cingulate, amygdala, right prefrontal cortex

Allostasis is when the brain controls ___ responses and dynamically adjusts physiological parameters to accommodate current and anticipated ___

Stress, stressors

Allostatic load is the ___ from continually adapting so stressors

cost

Fight or flight is when the _____ activates the _____ nervous system to cause adrenal ____ to rapidly release ___ and _____

hypothalamus, sympathetic, medulla, epinephrine, norepinephrine

The HPA axis consists of the ____ releasing CRH, acting on the anterior ___, which then releases ___ causing ___ cortex to release adrenal steroid hormones such as ___ back to the brain

hypothalamus, pituitary, ACTH, adrenal, cortisol

Sensory receptor organs

organs specialized to detect a certain stimulus

Receptor cells

cells within sensory receptor organs that convert stimulus into an electrical signal

sensory transduction

Conversion of stimulus into a change in membrane potential in receptor cell

Doctrine of specific nerve energies

Receptors and neural channels for different senses are independent

labelled lines

brain recognizes distinct senses because action potentials travel along separate nerve tracts

Pacinian corpuscle is a ___ receptor that detects ___ and ___; stimulus opens stretch sensitive ___ channels made of ___ and produces ___ receptor potential

Skin, vibration, pressure, sodium, Piezo, graded

Skin receptors and their functions

Pacinian (vibration), Meissner (light touch), Merkel Discs(fine touch), Ruffini (stretch)

how are intensity of sensory events encoded

number and frequency of action potentials

range fractionation

strength of stimulus increases, more neurons sensitive to higher intensities recruited

Adaptation

progressive loss of response to a maintained stimulus

Phasic receptors

Display adaptation and decrease frequency of action potentials with constant stimulation

tonic receptors

show slow or no decline in action potential frequency

top-down processing

higher brain centers suppress some inputs and amplify others

Dorsal column system

delivers touch information to the brain

First step of Dorsal Column system

Stimulus triggers receptive field of neuron.

Second step of Dorsal Column System

Receptors send projections via the dorsal column of spinal cord where they synapse on dorsal column nuclei in medulla

Third step of Dorsal Column System

Axons from neurons in medulla cross midline and go to thalamus for initial processing, then onto the primary somatosensory cortex

Receptive field

region in which stimulus will alter a sensory neurons firing rate

What does it mean if a cortex has more neurons dedicated to a certain area

The smaller the receptive field there and the better that area is at detecting touch

Positive aspects of pain (3)

helps us withdraw from source, engage in recuperative actions, and signal others

McGill Pain Questionnaire

Sensory-discriminative , Motivational-affective/emotional, Cognitive evaluative

Noiceptors

peripheral receptors/free nerve endings that respond to painful stimuli

Where are noiceptors located

Dermis

How do noiceptors respond to different signals

specialized receptor proteins on cell membrane produced by free nerve endings

Anterolateral/Spinothalamic System transmits sensations of ___ and ___, receptors synapse on____ neurons in ____ ___, pain info crosses midline in ___ horn before ascending to brain

pain, temperature,spinal, dorsal horn, spinal

Neuropathic pain (phantom limb)

microglia release chemicals making dorsal horn neurons hyperexcite and cause chronic pain

What does social rejection activate?

Anterior cingulate cortex

Analgesia

absence or reduction in pain sensation

Opioids

endogenous opiate-like peptides in brain

Periaqueductal gray (PAG)

area in midbrain involved in pain perception

What happens when the PAG is electrically stimulated

produces potent analgesia

How can pain information be blocked?

a gating action in the spinal cord

What does the external ear and pinna do

capture and funnel sound waves into ear canal

What do the ridges and valleys of the external ear do

modifies the character of sound frequencies that reach the middle ear

middle ear

concentrates sound energies

ossicles (3)

mallecus, incus, stapes

What do the ossicles(bones) do

concentrate and amplify vibrations on the oval window

Muscles protecting the inner ear from loud and self-made sounds, and improving auditory perception

Tensor tympani and Stapedius

Where is the tensor tympani

Attatched to Malleus and Tympamic membrane(eardrum)

where is the stapedius

attatched to stapes

Inner ear structures

Convert sound into neural activity

cochlea

fluid filled spiral comprised of three canals (scala vestibuli, scala media, scala tympani)

Organ of corti

receptor system that converts vibration from sound into neural activity (within scala media)

Auditory sensory cells/hair cells

embedded in the basilar membrane and vibrates in response to sound

basilar membrane seperates the scala ___ and scala ___

tympani, media

Effect of high frequency sound in the basilar membrane

displaces the base of basilar membrane

Effect of low frequency sound in the basilar membrane

displaces the apex

What happens as stapes move in and out as a result of sound waves

stapes set up waves in the fluid of scala vestibuli, in turn causes basilar membrane to ripple

hair cells in basilar membrane

transduces movements from stapes into electrical activity

Vestibulocochlear nerve

cranial nerve VIII, contains auditory fibers from the cochlea

Each auditory nerve fiber divides into ___ branches, going to cells in the ___ ___

two, cochlear nuclei

What in the brainstem receives bilateral input from cochlear nuclei and is helpful for identifying location of sound?

Superior Olivary Nuclei

What in the midbrain is targeted by the cochlear nuclei, is considered the auditory integration center of the midbrain, helps initiate reflexes like turning toward sound and contributes to startle reflex

Inferior Colliculi

Where does auditory information go after travelling to cochlear nuclei outputs?

medial geniculate nuclei in thalamus, then to auditory cortex

Brain uses what two binanural cues to signal sound location

Inensity(difference in loudness) and latency (difference in time of arrival btwn ears) differences

Where is information from binanural cues processed?

Superior Olivary Nucleus

spectral filtering

pinna selectively reinforces some frequencies and reduces others, providing info about elevation

Hearing loss

decreased sensitivity to sound

Deafness

loss of hearing so severe speech cannot be perceived with use of hearing aids

Conduction Deafness is a disorder of ___ or ___ ear preventing sound from reaching the ___

outer, middle, cochlea

Sensorineural Deafness is a disorder in the ___ that interferes with ____ of sound activity into neural activity

cochlea, transduction

Central deafness is ____ damage to ____ brain areas

acquired, auditory

What causes tinnitus?

Noise pollution and loud sounds damaging hair cells

Cochlear implants

Used to treat deafness due to hair cell loss, electrical currents stimulate auditory nerve

What type of deafness is treated with hearing aids?

Conduction

How do hearing aids work?

microphone captures sound waves, amplifies and strengthens signal, sends back into ear canal

Vestibular system

Made up of three semicircular canals that detect position and movement of head

Head movement axes

pitch, yaw, roll

How is the brain signaled that the head has moved

Movement of head in any one axis sets up a flow of fluid in the semicircular canal, deflecting stereocilia in the ampulla

Main adaptive role of chemical senses

Evaluating potential food in natural environments

Where does the sense of smell start

receptor neurons within olfactory epithelium

Turbinates

Curved surfaces in nasal cavity that direct air flow

What do odorants do at the receptor cell

Interact with receptons on the cilia and dendritic knob, activating the G protein messenger

Where do olfactory receptor cell axons end?

Olfactory bulb

How is the olfactory bulb organized

Several glomeruli that pass information from similar types of OSNs to mitra cells

Where does olfactory information go from mitra cells

Primary olfactory cortex

What happens if the olfactory epithelium is damaged

Can be regenerated and will properly reconnect to olfactory bulb

Types of taste papillae

Circumvallate, foliate, fungiform

Where do taste cells extend cilia

Into the taste pore, opening at the surgact of the taste bud ans exposing them to tastants

Salty taste cellular process

Na⁺ ions transported across taste cell membranes, causing depolarization that sends info to brain

Sour taste cellular process

Acids release H⁺ ions, the more acidic the food —> the more sour it tastes

Sweet, bitter, umami cellular process

All stimulate G-protein coupled receptors

5 steps of taste transduction

Tastants bind to corresponding receptor, multiple intercellular pathways activated, Ca² triggers transmitter release, NT released and primary sensory neuron fires, action potentials sent to brain

Taste information pathway

tongue → cranial nerves → nuclei in brainstem → thalamus → cortical taste areas

Result of Parkinsons

Degeneration of dopaminergic neurons in substantia nigra

levodopa

Treatment for parkinsons, compund converted to dopamine in brain

6-OHDA

lesions to this cause dopamine loss and same deficits as parkinsons

Dementia

General term for memory loss and decline in other intellectual abilities interfering with daily life

Plaques

Deposits of beta-amyloid (protein fragment) that builds up between nerves

Tangles

twisted fibers of tau/protein that buildup in cells and disrupt nutrient transportation