unit 5 fitz

17th parallel

the line that divided vietnam into the communist north and the anti-communist south

24th amendment

federal poll tax was banned

26th amendment

lowered the voting age to 18 years old

1968

a year in which large amounts of social turmoil occurred, led to the end of conformity and beginning of counterculture

affirmative action

give more opportunities to disadvantaged groups to combat discrimination and racism

alliance of progress

similar to marshall plan (but for south america)

US would provide funds to central american countries to have more allies against communism -plan didn’t work very well

anti-ballistic missile treaty

agreement between US and USSR that countries may only use missiles for defense

black panthers

black separatist group that supported the use of violence if necessary

black power

encourages civilians to express their unique, african american culture

also ridicules all who fail to support/recognize it

berlin wall

nicknamed the “wall of shame”

wall between western and eastern berlin, west controlled buy us uk and france, east by ussr

separated families

bay of pigs

failed military landing operation on the southeast coast of cuba in 1961

civil rights movement

fight for equality and social justice for african americans

Civil Rights Acts

1964 act: Government would desegregate schools

conservatism

\
* Policy of Barry Goldwater (LBJ’s rival during the 1964 election)
* Against federal income tax, social security systems, and LBJ’s Great Society

conformity

\
* The idea that each American has a specific role they must fill
* Ex.
* Wives: Housekeepers
* Husbands: Breadwinners
* Children/Teens: Obedient to superiors

CORE

\
* Congress of Racial Equality 
* Opposed Jim Crow Laws

crisis of confidence

People are questioning how trustworthy the government is when taking actions

cuban missile crisis

\
* The USSR stationed several missiles in Cuba aimed at the US
* US stationed missiles in Turkey aimed at the USSR
* Both sides reached a peace compromise to ban nuclear testings

detente

\
* French word meaning ‘relaxation’
* Peace agreement between US and USSR (agreement to not fight) and China

domino theory

After one country becomes communist, all countries surrounding it will become communist until the whole world is communist (like dominos)

doves

\
* Anti-war believers
* Often protested against the Vietnam war

draft dodger

\
* Somebody who would avoid drafting for the military
* Usually included moving to another country…

draft policy

after men turn 18, they are required to register for the military draft

energy crisis

Saudi Arabia cuts Petroleum by 10% and threatened to totally cut off if the US continue aiding Israel but enabled it after the US threats and tries to settle with Israel

EPA

environmental protection agency

created by nixon

feminist movement

movement in late 60’s that was in favor of women’s sexual and educational progress

flexible response

have more ways to respond to crises or threats thats not nuclear weapons

freedom riders

wanted to end segregation in facilities that served interstate bus passengers

great society

\
* LBJ’s domestic policy
* Focused on helping the impoverished
* Set of economic and welfare measures aimed at changing the way of life

gulf of tonkin

US naval ships were reportedly attacked by viet cong soilders

Resolution/Tonkin Gulf Resolution

\
* Resolution that allowed the president to make any military decisions without approval of the Congress
* Called an unsigned check

hawks

pro war believers

hippies/counter culture

\
* Teenagers who refused to follow the US policy of conformity
* Often would wear flower crowns, tie dye, etc. to express uniqueness

literacy tests

\
* When registering a vote, (black) citizens would be forced to take a test to prove they could read
* Targeted African-American citizens who were denied education for years

moratorium/protest movement

opposed to the war

my lai

\
* A massacre in Vietnam
* US soldiers attacked the village of My Lai, killing hundreds of innocent civilians
* The incident led to an increase in anti-war protests

NAACP

\
* National Association for the Advancement of Colored People
* Civil rights organization that fought for social justice and equality for African Americans

NASA

Created by Eisenhower to battle the USSR’s recent succession in space exploration

nation of islam

\
* Civil Rights group dedicated to violent means of equality
* Preached spread of Islam & anti-white messaging 
* aligned with separationist figures

New Frontier

\
* JFK’s Domestic policy
* Desired welfare, civil rights, educational growth & taming of big business(ex: steel corps)

nixon doctrine

Nixon's formal announcement of his vietnamization plan

OPEC

Organization of (Arab) Petroleum Exporting Countries

OSHA

Occupational Safety and Health Administration

peace corps

Young Americans would teach the citizens of younger countries some skills for development

Pentagon Papers

\
* Information about the Vietnam War given to the *Times* magazine by Daniel Ellsberg
* Information found that the US government knew they would lose the Vietnam War, but sent troops anyway
* Led to an increase of anti-war protesters

Philadelphia Plan

Construction/ Trade unions that make a plan to hire more African American workers

SALT

\
* Strategic Arms Limitation Talks
* No more nuclear missiles may be created for 5 years
* US and USSR still set up huge “defensive” missiles

SALT II

\
* Second renewed version of the Strategic Arms Limitation Talks
* Aimed to limit both US and USSR nuclear forces and place restrictions on MIRVs
* Was not ratified because of relations in the Middle east specifically the USSR invading Afghanistan

SCLS (SCLC)

\
* Southern Christian Leadership Conference
* Led by MLK, was at the forefront of the early Struggle

Silent Majority

Nixon’s belief that there were more people in favor of the war, they just weren’t speaking about it

SNCC

\
* Student Non-violent Coordinating Committee
* Started Voter Education Project
* Used nonviolence until late 60’s with MLK’s death

Stagnation

When there is no deflation or inflation (minimal inflation (\~2%) is an indicator of a healthy economy)

Trade Expansion Act

Cuts tariffs to increase international trade, specifically w/ Europe

Tet Offensive

\
* An attack by the VietCong launched on Vietnamese New Year (Tet)
* Targeted the major cities of South Vietnam

Three Ps

* 3 causes of unrest:
* Youth’s population

 bulge

* Protest against racism + Vietnam War
* “Apparent permanence of prosperity”

Vietnamization

Slowly withdraw US soldiers from Vietnam and have South Vietnam fight their own war

Voter Education Project

Created by the SNCC to remind black voters of their rights

Voting Rights Act 1965

\
* Passed by LBJ
* Outlawed discriminatory voting practices
* e.g. poll tax, literacy tests, intimidation, violence

War on Poverty

\
* Intended to help lower the poverty rate in the U.S.
* Great Society

War Powers Act

\
* Act  passed by congress in order to combat the gulf of Tonkin resolution
* Checked the president's power over the military
* Required permission from congress to deploy troops anywhere and reports on military involvement

Watts Riot

First major riot showcasing black separatism (the “showing off” of black culture)

Watergate

A scandal in which president nixon was found guilty of stealing democratic papers and stealing information, and caught trying to cover it up. lead to his resignation and to the crisis in confidence.

Ngo Dinh Diem

\
* The leader of Southern Vietnam during the Vietnam War
* JFK later ordered an assassination of Diem

Gerald Ford

38th president idk

Lyndon B. Johnson

\
* Took over after JFK 
* Heavy involvement in the Vietnam war 
* Believed in the domino theory and continuously pushing the vietnamese with more troops
* Great society focused on welfare of US people 
* War on poverty

John F. Kennedy

35th president before assassination

* Had many welfare programs and wanted to support the civil rights movement
* Called new frontier
* Had the international strategy of flexible response

Robert Kennedy

attorney general of JFKs cabinet

MLK

Major leader in the Civil Rights Movement

Henry Kissinger

nixons foreign policy advisor

thurgood marshall

\
* The only black supreme court justice during Allan Bakke’s case
* The case: Bakke was denied admittance into medical school (supposedly) because he wasn’t a minority
* Claimed that employers and schools are favoring minorities since civil rights
* Against Bakke’s claim

Robert S. McNamara

\
* United States Secretary of Defense 1961 - 1968
* JFK
* LBJ

Ho Chi Minh

The leader of North Vietnam during the Vietnam War

Elijah Mohammed

Founder of the Nation of Islam

Richard Nixon

\
* 37th President of the US
* Watergate Scandal 
* Opening relations with  China

Earl Warren

\
* Supreme Court justice around 1970
* The Warren Court focused on rights of minorities:
* Abortion rights for women
* Fair trial for criminals
* Religion shouldn’t be mandatory in schools for the non-religious/non-Christians

Malcolm X

Part of the Nation of Islam, fought for equality