Genetics and Cell Division Review

These flashcards cover key terminology and concepts related to genetics, mutations, and the phases of cell division as discussed in the lecture notes.

Nonsense mutation

This results in a new stop codon - the protein will not work because it has been shortened.

Frameshift mutation

This is the result of a nucleotide being added or deleted. The ribosome will make a defective protein.

Centrosome

This creates mitotic spindle.

Nondisjunction

This is a mistake that can result in Down Syndrome - an extra chromosome 21.

Chromatin

Chromosomes are made of this material - DNA wrapped around proteins.

Centromere

This structure connects two chromatids in a duplicated chromosome.

Binary Fission

Cell division process used by prokaryotes like bacteria.

Diploid

A diploid cell has a pair of each chromosome.

Haploid

A haploid cell has one of each chromosome.

Polyploid

A cell that has 6 of each chromosome is known as a polyploid cell.

Missense mutation

A point mutation that changes a single amino acid in a protein.

Mitosis

A type of cell division that leads to two daughter cells with the same number of chromosomes.

Mitotic spindle

Protein that reaches out and allows the chromosomes to move to each end of the cell during anaphase.

Anaphase

The phase of mitosis when the spindle fibers help separate chromatids and move them to opposite ends.

Telophase

The phase of mitosis when mitotic spindle breaks down and chromosomes begin to uncoil.

Metaphase

The phase of mitosis when chromosomes are aligned at the cell's equatorial plane.