intro to microbiology

microbiology

study of microorganismsand their interactions with biotic and abioticcomponents of the environment

Louis Pasteur contribution

proposes that germs cause infectious disease

proved that yeasts are responsible for fermentation

louis pasteur year

1862

Pasteurization

technique of heating to killpathogens

joseph lister contribution

Developed the practice of antisepsis, or chemical disinfection of external living surfaces.

Used a carbolic acid spray during surgery, and wounds healed without infection

joseph lister year

1865

Robert Koch contribution

Developed Pure Culture Techniques

By adding gelatin to his broth, Koch grew bacterial colonies in a Petri dish

But gelatin liquefied at warm temperatures andwas digested by bacteria

thorough observations on the organisms of tuberculosis and anthrax

Koch's postulates

became standards for linking a specific organism to aspecific disease; Formalizes Standards to Equate Germs with Infectious Diseases

fanny hesse contribution

Solution to the problem was the agar she used to solidify her jams and jellies

fanny hesse year

1880

There are over 10 million species of prokaryotes that appear in

spherical, spiral, or rod-shaped forms alone, in colonies, and in biofilms

2 domains of prokaryotes

Bacteria and Archaea

viruses

not actually microbes and are not cells; they have a DNA or RNA core surrounded by a protein coat.

cannot replicate without the replication machinery in a host cell.

fungi

An organism that absorbs nutrients from the environment

- most live in their food medium and may cause human disease; others make useful antibiotics

In Whittaker's five-kingdom system, the kingdom of Fungi are:

a separate, multicellular, eukaryotic group distinguished by an absorptive mode of nutrition

Protists

a mixed group of mostly single-celled protozoa and algae

Some are free-living and live symbiotically with other organisms.

Some can cause disease in humans

applications of microbiology include

biotechnology, agriculture, medicare, food microbiology, and bioremediation

Molecular biology

the study of heredity at the molecular level; relies on microorganisms as modelsystems

Luria & Dulbrück year

1943

Luria & Dulbrück contribution

Bacteria can mutate to generate resistance to viral infection

Beadle & Tatum year

1941

Beadle & Tatum contribution

One gene codes for one enzyme;used the fungus Neurospora

Hershey & Chase year

1952

Hershey & Chase contribution

DNA is the genetic material of inheritance

Crick year

1958

Crick contribution

Used E. coli and a virus to show how the DNA code makes proteins

Two Types of Cellular Organization

Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic

eukaryotic

(plant, animal, fungi, protist) cells contain a membrane-bound nucleus and organelles.

Prokaryotic

(Bacteria, Archaea) cells lack a membrane-bound nucleus

challenges microbiology continues to face today

Global travel can increase disease transmission

Emerging diseases, such as AIDS and SARS, that are new to human populations.

Re-emerging infectious diseases, such as drug-resistant tuberculosis.

Paul Erlich contribution

Developed Salvarsan, a chemical that cured individuals of syphilis

Paul Erlich year

1910

Alexander Fleming contribution

Observed that a species of Penicillium mold killed bacterial cells, leading to the development of penicillin.

Alexander Fleming year

1929

Zoonotic diseases examples

Ebolavirus and Zika virus

Zoonotic diseases

leap from animal populations to humans

Increased antibiotic resistance makes outbreaks harder to treat

Climate change alters the spread of infectious disease

Bioterrorism

is intentional use of biological agents to cause fear or death

Molecular ecology

can help us study microbes that cannot be cultured in a lab; Microbes grow as biofilms

Bioremediation

uses microbes to decontaminate toxic materials

Microbial evolution

Is providing new clues for the roles of microbes.

Scientific method

a process for experimentation that is used to explore observations and answer question

Ivanowsky and Beijerinck

worked independently to show the infectious nature of the tobacco mosaic virus

Semmelweis

transmission of disease could be interrupted by

washing hands in chlorine water.

Christian Ehrenberg

named bacteria in 1830s

Many infectious agents are, or are becoming __________, and our arsenal of drugs to fight them__________.

antibiotic resistant; is diminishing

Pasteur's study of fermentation was critical to the development of microbiology because:

it showed that microorganisms bring about chemical changes.

1854, John Snow

determined that contaminated water transmits cholera

Edward Jenner

Smallpox vaccine; He was a surgeon who observed cowpox could provide immunity for smallpox.

Hansen

observed bacterial cells in leprosy patients

Koch was responsible for thorough observations on the organisms of:

tuberculosis and anthrax.

Studies during the classical Golden Age looked at all the following diseases, except:

measles.

plague.

tuberculosis.

malaria.

measles

All of the following are examples of new emerging infectious diseases, except:

swine flu.

chickenpox.

Lyme disease.

AIDS.

chickenpox

Classical Golden Age of Microbiology

Reveals the Germ

Second Golden Age of Microbiology

involves the Birthof Molecular Biology and Chemotherapy

Third Golden Age of Microbiology

now