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Civil Liberties
Individual rights protected by the Constitution from government interference.
Selective Incorporation
The process through which the Supreme Court applies Bill of Rights protections to state governments using the 14th Amendment’s Due Process Clause.
14th Amendment - Due Process Clause
Ensures that no state can deny a person life, liberty, or property without due process of law.
Judicial Review
The power of courts to review the constitutionality of laws and government actions.
Establishment Clause
Prohibits the government from establishing an official religion.
Free Exercise Clause
Protects individuals’ rights to practice their religion freely.
Exclusionary Rule
Prohibits evidence obtained illegally from being used in court.
Engel vs. Vitale
Ruled that public schools cannot require students to pray, as it violates the Establishment Clause.
Wisconsin vs. Yoder
Ruled that Amish children could not be forced to attend school past 8th grade due to religious beliefs.
Tinker vs. Des Moines
Protected students’ right to free speech in schools, ruling that wearing armbands to protest the Vietnam War was constitutional.
NY Times vs. U.S.
Upheld the press’s right to publish classified information, ruling against prior restraint.
Schenck vs. U.S.
Established the 'clear and present danger' test, limiting free speech if it poses a threat to national security.
Gideon vs. Wainwright
Guaranteed the right to an attorney for criminal defendants, even if they can’t afford one.
McDonald vs. Chicago
Incorporated the Second Amendment to the states, protecting an individual’s right to bear arms.
Civil Rights
Protections against discrimination, ensuring equal treatment for all people under the law.
MLK’s Letter from Birmingham Jail
A famous letter where Martin Luther King Jr. defends the strategy of nonviolent protest against racial segregation.
14th Amendment - Equal Protection Clause
Mandates that no state shall deny any person equal protection of the laws.
Title IX
A federal law that prohibits sex-based discrimination in educational programs and activities.
Brown vs. Board of Education
Overturned 'separate but equal,' ruling that racial segregation in public schools is unconstitutional.
Voting Rights Act of 1965
Aimed to eliminate racial discrimination in voting, especially in the South.
Civil Rights Act of 1964
Prohibited discrimination based on race, color, religion, sex, or national origin in employment, public accommodations, and education.
24th Amendment
Abolished poll taxes, which had been used to prevent poor and minority voters from voting in federal elections.
