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Sure! Here are concise definitions for each term:

Civil Liberties

Civil Liberties are individual rights protected by the Constitution from government interference.

Selective Incorporation

Selective Incorporation is the process through which the Supreme Court applies Bill of Rights protections to state governments using the 14th Amendment’s Due Process Clause.

14th Amendment - Due Process Clause

The Due Process Clause of the 14th Amendment ensures that no state can deny a person life, liberty, or property without due process of law.

Judicial Review

Judicial Review is the power of courts to review the constitutionality of laws and government actions.

Establishment Clause

The Establishment Clause of the First Amendment prohibits the government from establishing an official religion.

Free Exercise Clause

The Free Exercise Clause of the First Amendment protects individuals’ rights to practice their religion freely.

Exclusionary Rule

The Exclusionary Rule prohibits evidence obtained illegally from being used in court.

Engel vs. Vitale

Engel vs. Vitale (1962) ruled that public schools cannot require students to pray, as it violates the Establishment Clause.

Wisconsin vs. Yoder

Wisconsin vs. Yoder (1972) ruled that Amish children could not be forced to attend school past 8th grade due to religious beliefs.

Tinker vs. Des Moines

Tinker vs. Des Moines (1969) protected students’ right to free speech in schools, ruling that wearing armbands to protest the Vietnam War was constitutional.

NY Times vs. U.S.

NY Times vs. U.S. (1971) upheld the press’s right to publish classified information, ruling against prior restraint.

Schenck vs. U.S.

Schenck vs. U.S. (1919) established the “clear and present danger” test, limiting free speech if it poses a threat to national security.

Gideon vs. Wainwright

Gideon vs. Wainwright (1963) guaranteed the right to an attorney for criminal defendants, even if they can’t afford one.

McDonald vs. Chicago

McDonald vs. Chicago (2010) incorporated the Second Amendment to the states, protecting an individual’s right to bear arms.

Civil Rights

Civil Rights are protections against discrimination, ensuring equal treatment for all people under the law.

MLK’s Letter from Birmingham Jail

MLK’s Letter from Birmingham Jail is a famous letter where Martin Luther King Jr. defends the strategy of nonviolent protest against racial segregation.

14th Amendment - Equal Protection Clause

The Equal Protection Clause of the 14th Amendment mandates that no state shall deny any person equal protection of the laws.

Title IX

Title IX is a federal law that prohibits sex-based discrimination in educational programs and activities.

Brown vs. Board of Education

Brown vs. Board of Education (1954) overturned “separate but equal,” ruling that racial segregation in public schools is unconstitutional.

Voting Rights Act of 1965

The Voting Rights Act of 1965 aimed to eliminate racial discrimination in voting, especially in the South.

Civil Rights Act of 1964

The Civil Rights Act of 1964 prohibited discrimination based on race, color, religion, sex, or national origin in employment, public accommodations, and education.

24th Amendment

The 24th Amendment abolished poll taxes, which had been used to prevent poor and minority voters from voting in federal elections.

Let me know if you’d like any of them clarified further!