Nervous System & Mental Health

cerebell/o

Cerebellum

cerebr/0

cerebrum

cortic/o

cerebral cortex

encephal/o

brain

gangli/o , ganglion/o

ganglion

gli/o

neuroglia

-lalia

babble or speech

-lepsy

seizure

-lexia

reading

-mania

obsessive or excited state

medull/o

medulla oblongata, spinal cord

mening/o , meninge/o

meninges

myel/o

spinal cord

narc/o

unconsciousness or stupor

neur/o , neur/i

nervous system, tissues, or nerves

-paresis

weakness

-phasia

speech

-phobia

irrational and persistent fear

-plegia

paralysis

-psych/o

mind

radicul/o

spinal nerve root

somn/o

sleep

thalam/o

thalamus

ventricul/o

ventricle, cavity

peripheral nervous system (PNS)

includes the cranial and spinal nerves

Central nervous system (CNS)

Brain and Spinal Cord

The nervous system is composed of two parts

- central nervous system (CNS)

- peripheral nervous system (PNS)

Amnesia

Loss of Memory

Ataxia

Loss of muscular Coordination

Axon

A long, slender projection of a neuron that conducts electrical impulses away from the neuron's cell body.

Bradykinesia

Abnormal or slowness of motion

Cephalgia/cephalagia

Headache

Cerebrospinal

Pertaining to the brain and spinal cord

Craniotomy

surgical opening into the skull

Dendrite

A fiber in the neuron that carries impulses toward the body of a cell

Discectomy

Surgical excision of an intervertebral disc

Dysphasia

Impairment of speech (syn.- aphasia)

Encephalomalacia

Softening of the brain often due to ischemia or infarction

Epidural

Pertaining to above or outside the dura mater

Epilepsy

A brain disorder characterized by electrical-like disturbances resulting in seizures

Gray matter

Axons that are not covered in myelin

Hemiparesis

Weakness on one side of the body

Intracranial

Within the skull

Intrathecal administration

Injection into the spinal canal or subarachnoid space

Laminectomy

Excision of the vertebral posterior arch or spinal process

Meningitis

Inflammation of the meninges or the membranes covering the spinal cord or brain

Myelin

A substance that covers some axons to insulate, protect, and assist in electrical conduction

Myelitis

Inflammation of spinal cord

Neuralgia

Severe or stabbing pain in the course or distribution of a nerve

Neuritis

—Inflammation of a nerve

Neurologist

Physician who specializes in diagnosis and treatment of disorders of the nervous system

Neurolysis

Destruction of nerve tissue or lysis (breaking up) perineural adhesions

Neuron

Basic functional unit of the nervous system

Neurorrhaphy

Repair of severed nerve by suture, graft, or synthetic conduit

Neurosis

Emotional condition or disorder; anxiety is a primary characteristic

Neurotransmitters

A chemical that transmits energy across a synapse

Paranoia

A mental disorder, often includes delusions involving persecution

Peripheral nervous system

Nerves outside the brain and spinal cord

Poliomyelitis

Inflammation of gray matter of the spinal cord

Psychosis

An abnormal condition of the mind, gross disorganization, or distortion of mental capacity

Quadriplegia

Paralysis of all four extremities

Radiculitis

Inflammation of the spinal nerve roots

Sciatica

Severe pain along the sciatic nerve, usually unilateral based on the nerve root affected

Subdural

Below the dura mater

Vagotomy

Surgical incision of the vagus nerve

White matter

Axons that are covered in myelin

Neuron

A single nerve cell, comprised of a soma (or cell body), containing the cell nucleus, several dendrites and an axon

Dendrites

resemble tree branches and increase the number of possible connections among nerve cells. Picking up signals that travel through the cell and continue along the axon and transmitted to the next cell

Axon Terminals (synaptic bulbs)

he ends of axons that release neurotransmitters to send messages to other cells.

- Axon terminals of a transmitting neuron and dendrites of a receiving neuron do not touch. They are separated by a space called a synapse.

Synapse

minute electrical impulses are passed from one nerve to another via chemical messengers called neurotransmitters (such as serotonin)

Brain

Cerebrum

Cerebellum

Brainstem

Cerebrum

○ located in the supratentorial region

Fontal, temporal, parietal, and occipital lobes

Cerebellum

ocated in the infratentorial region at the "bottom" of the brain, below the occipital lobe; helps coordinate movement (balance & muscle coordination)

Brainstem

Low extension of the brain where it connects to the spinal cord. Most of the cranial nerves come from the brainstem. Controls neurological functions necessary for survival (breathing, digestion, heart rate, blood pressure) and for arousal (being awake and alert). The pons and medulla are portions of the brainstem

Frontal Lobe

front part of the brain, involved in planning, organizing, problem solving, selective attention, personality, and a variety of higher cognitive functions including behavior and emotions

Temporal Lobes

2 lobes, one on either side of the brain. Right lobe involves visual memory; left lobe mainly involves verbal memory. Both lobes help sort new information and are believed to be responsible for short-term memory. Evaluate hearing input and smell.

Parietal Lobes

lie behind the frontal lobe and above the temporal lobes, at the top of the brain. Contains primary sensory cortex controlling sensation. Right parietal lobe processes visuospatial info; left lobe processes spoken and written info

Occipital Lobe

in the back of the brain and processes visual info, like recognition of shapes and colors

Ventricles of the Brain

Structures containing cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), which bathes and cushions the brain and spinal cord. Ventricles are continuous with the central canal of the spinal cord.

Meninges

a series of tough membranes that cover the brain and spinal cord

Olfactory Nerve

Function: Smell

Optic Nerve

Function: Vision

Oculomotor Nerve

Function: Pupil constriction, accommodation, moves eye up, down and medially, opens eyelids

Trochlear Nerve

Supplies superior oblique muscle: moves eye down and inwards

Trigeminal Nerve

Sensation to face, muscles of mastication,

Abducens Nerve

Supplies lateral rectus, moves eye laterally

Facial Nerve

Supplies muscles of facial expression, taste (anterior two-thirds tongue), closes eyelids, lacrimal, nose, palate glands, submandibular and sublingual salivary glands,

Vestibulocochlear Nerve

Hearing, regulates balance

Glossopharyngeal Nerve

Sensation/taste to posterior one-third tongue, posterior pharynx, stylopharyngeus - swallowing, parotid gland - -salivation

Vagus Nerve

Parasympathetic supply to eye, heart, gut, lungs, larynx (sensation to airway, motor to vocal cords)

Accessory Nerve

Supplies sternocleidomastoid (rotates head) and trapezius (lifts shoulders)

Hypoglossal Nerve

Supplies tongue muscles