Year 9 Botany

Organelle

Any of a number of organized or specialized structures within a living cell.

Photosynthesis / ahotakakame

A process that uses energy from the sun to produce glucose and from carbon dioxide and water.

Sexual reproduction

The production of new living organisms by combining genetic information from two individuals of different sexes.

Nucleus / poka pū

the cell organelle that contains DNA

Anther

The part of a stamen that contains the pollen.

Cells / pūtau

the smallest sub units of life

Petal

One of the often brightly coloured parts of a flower surrounding the reproductive organs.

Cytoplasm

the jelly like inner of a cell where chemical reactions take place

Cell Wall

the cell organelle that provides structure to plant cells

Ovule

Plant structure that develops into a seed when fertilised.

Fertilisation

Process of fusing male and female gametes to form a zygote.

Pollination

Process where pollen is transferred to the female reproductive organs in a plant.

Ovary

A part of the female reproductive organ of a flower.

Chloroplast

the cell organelle in plants that carries out photosynthesis

Xylem

Continuous tube system that moves water and nutrients from the roots to the leaves.

Large vacuole

Stores water and other materials in plant cells. It helps the cell to maintain its structure.

Cell membrane

a membrane surrounding the cytoplasm that controls substances entering and exiting the cell

carpel

The female reproductive organ of a flower, consisting of the stigma, style, and ovary.

Stomata

the small openings on the leaf that allow gases to move in and out.

Respiration

a process in cells where energy is released from glucose

Roots

The part of a plant which attaches it to the ground where water absorption occurs.

Chlorophyll

Green pigment found in chloroplasts that absorbs sunlight.

Transpiration

The process by which moisture is carried through plants from roots to small pores on the underside of leaves, where it changes to vapor and is released to the atmosphere.

Glucose

Sugar produced by plants during photosynthesis.

Oxygen

Gas produced during photosynthesis.

Stamen

The male fertilizing organ of a flower.

Carbon dioxide + Water

reactants of photosynthesis

Glucose + Oxygen

products of photosynthesis

Mitochondria

the cell organelle that carries out respiration to produce energy from glucose

stigma

The female reproductive part of a flower to which the pollen sticks.

filament

Supports the anther

Zygote

fertilized egg

animal cell

does not have a cell wall or chloroplast and a small vacuole

plant cell

contains a cell wall, chloroplast and large vacuole

Movement

the ability of an organism to move from place to place

Sensitivity

the ability of an organism to respond to its environment

growth

the increase in size of an organism due to cells dividing

Reproduction / whakaputa uri

the process of creating offspring

Excretion

the process of removing wastes form an organism

Nutrition / taioranga

a process of using food for energy

Osmosis / rerewai -

the diffusion of water from a high concentration to a low concentration through a semi permeable membrane

Epidermis

The outermost layer of cells covering a plant, which helps protect against water loss and damage.

Spongy mesophyll

The layer of tissue in a leaf that is located beneath the palisade mesophyll, characterized by loosely arranged cells with air spaces that facilitate gas exchange.

Palisade mesophyll

The layer of tightly packed cells in a leaf that contains many chloroplasts and is responsible for most of the photosynthesis.

Cuticle

A waxy, protective layer on the surface of leaves and stems that helps prevent water loss.

Explosive seed dispersal

A method of seed dispersal where seeds are forcibly expelled from the plant, often by the drying and splitting of seed pods.

Wind seed dispersal

A method of seed dispersal where seeds are carried away by the wind, often adapted with structures like wings or tufts that facilitate flying through the air.

Water seed dispersal

A method of seed dispersal where seeds float and are carried away by water currents, allowing them to germinate in new locations.

Animal seed dispersal

A method of seed dispersal involving animals that eat the fruit and excrete the seeds in new locations, or seeds that attach to animal fur for transport.

Parts of a microscope

Includes the eyepiece (for viewing), objective lenses (for magnification), stage (to hold the specimen), light source (to illuminate the specimen), and base (for support).

Function of the eyepiece

The lens through which the viewer looks to see the magnified image of the specimen.

Function of the objective lenses

These lenses provide different levels of magnification to view the specimen in detail.

Function of the stage

The flat platform where the slide containing the specimen is placed for observation.

Function of the light source

Provides the necessary illumination to see the specimen clearly.

Sepal

The part of a flower that protects the developing bud and supports the petals when in bloom.

Pollen tube

A tube that forms after pollen lands on the stigma of a flower, allowing sperm cells to travel to the ovule for fertilization.