Unit 2 Review

Principles of Bio II: Animal forms functions & nutrition, gas exchange & circulation

What is homeostasis?

Balance of the body

Animals are always adapting to do what to surface area to volume ratio?

Increase

What is the small intestine covered in?

Villi

Through what process do gases enter and exit cells?

Diffusion

What protein in blood carries Oxygen?

Hemoglobin

Organs (except for the heart) are made of what kind of muscle?

Smooth muscle

What kind of animals keep a constant body temperature no matter their environment?

Endothermics

What are all of the bacteria that live in the digestive tract?

Gut Microbiome

Where do gas exchange happen in the lungs?

Alveoli

What vessels move blood away from the heart?

Arteries

Name the 4 types of animals tissues.

Epithelial

Connective

Muscular

Nervous

What are the 4 steps that allow animals to process food/gain energy? Define them.

Ingestion- intake of food

Digestion- solid food gets broken down

Absorption- nutrients are absorbed

Elimination- waste is excreted

What are the 4 components of blood?

Leukocytes/White blood cells (immune system)

Erythrocytes/Red blood cells (carry oxygen)

Plasma (water)

Platelets (clot blood)

What are the 2 ways animals thermoregulate and what does each mean?

Endothermics- use energy to thermoregulate (mammals & birds)
Ectothermics- use the outside environment to thermoregulate (reptiles & amphibians)

What are the 2 types of digestive tracts and their differences?

Complete- two holes for food to come in and out (mammals)

Incomplete- one hole for food & waste (sea anemones & sea stars)

Explain how animals with a rumen digest differently from those without a rumen.

Animals with a rumen chew & regurgitate food multiple times before fully digesting and have a 4 compartment stomach, while animals w/o a rumen have a single stomach to digest food

Anatomy

the study of body structures

Physiology

the study of body functions

Adaptations

traits evolved over many generations

Ex: Porcupine quills or Chameleons camouflage

Tradeoffs

Evolutionary compromises where an improved traits is gained through a sacrifice

Ex: Porcupines quills weighing them down

Acclimatization

change over a single life

Ex: mammals growing thicker coats in the winter and shedding them in the summer

Cellular differences

variations in cell structures and functions to show different ecological niches

Ex: birds varying beak shapes

Define tissues

group of cells with a similar function

The organ system is made of what?

Tissues

What is the Epithelial tissue?

outer layer of tissues (skin, hair nails, organ linning) that is most important for maintaining homeostasis & made for wear and tear

Glands

secrete substances (venom and memory glands)

What does the connective tissue do?

hold the body together

What are the 4 types of connective tissue and what do they do?

Loose- holds organs in place (consist of fibroblast cells)

Dense- tendons ( connect muscles to bones ) & ligaments connect bones to bones)

Supporting (cartilage & bones)- holds the body up. cartilage is cushion keeping bones from rubbing together

Fluid- blood

What does the muscular tissue do?

produce movement

Name the 3 types of muscular tissues and their functions.

Skeletal- attach to bones & helpful for movement

Smooth- make up most organs except for the heart & brain

Cardiac- thick, circular, & strong heart muscles

What does the nervous tissue do?

makes up the nervous system (sends & receives signals) like the brain through neurons & nerves

Neurons/nerves

biggest and longest cell in the body located in the nervous system

Physics

physical laws of earth (movement & gravity)

What do all animals have?

surface area to volume ratio

What makes movement easier?

increasing surface area to volume ratio (the larger the animal/volume the smaller the surface area)

Adaptions help with what? Give examples

surface area

Ex: fish gills increase amount of oxygen consumed by increasing surface area, intestines absorbing energy, & capillaries circulating oxygen

Metabolism

all chemical reaction in a body. larger animals have smaller metabolic rates

What are the 3 key components to maintaining homeostasis?

Sensor cells- receptors that detect changes and issues

Integrator- decides what to do (the brain)

Effector- fixes issues

Thermoregulation

homeostasis of body temperature

Ex: reptiles basking in the sun, or penguins huddling to warm up

Name and define the external sources of heat.

Radiation (the sun)- main source of heat

Convection- heat from moving air or water

Conduction- transfer of heat through solid objects

What animal is both endo and ectothermic?

fish

Define Countercurrent heat exchange and who uses it?

warming of blood as it returns to core of body used by endothermic animals living in cold places

Food

solid substances with nutrients

What are the nutrients found in food and what are they used for?

Essential amino acids- make proteins

Fatty acids- develop cell walls

Sugars- used to make energy (ATP)

Vitamin- organic nutrients used by different organ systems

Minerals- inorganic nutrients good for bones

Feeding strategies

Suspension

Filter

Mass

Fluid

With different feeding strategies came different adaptations

Ex: snakes jaws dislocating to swallow food whole

Compartmentalization

different parts with different jobs

Mouth

where digestions starts

Saliva

made of epithelial tissues & where the chemical breakdown of food starts

Mastication

(chewing) physical breakdown of food

Esophagus

tube that connects mouth to stomach

Peristalsis

muscle movement in the esophagus that pushes food down

Crop

pouch in birds esophagus that stores food

Stomach

where all digestion is completed physically and chemically

Stomach Acid

made of HCl (hydrochloric acid) to chemically breakdown food

Stomach Ridges

layers of muscle that increase SA:V

Stomach Sphincters

muscles that open and close regulate flow of food

Stomach Canal

increase SA:V and secrete stomach acid

Ruminents

animals with 4 compartmentalized stomachs

Ex: cows, sheep, & deer

4 parts of ruminants

Rumen

Reticulum

Omasum

Abomasum

Rumen

largest stomach compartment part of ruminants that contains bacteria to breakdown food and release methane gas (greenhouse gas)

Gizzard

physically breaks down food (earthworms, birds, crocodiles)

Small intestine

absorbs nutrients & might digest food

Name and define 4 accessory organs

Pancreas- regulates blood sugar by releasing insulin and glucagon hormones

Liver- largest organ & detoxes the body (bile)

Gallbladder- holds bile

Appendix- part of large intestine & home to specific bacteria

Bile

waste from the liver that breaks down fat

Large Intestine

contains colon, absorbs water, produces vitamins, and cause gas pains

Coprophagy

animals eating their waste to gain nutrients; common in herbivores

Gut Microbiome

all microbes in a digestive system

Diabetes

disruption of homeostasis of blood sugar

Type 1 Diabetes

body produces too little or no insulin

Type 2 Diabetes

body becomes resistant to insulin

Respiratory System

taking in O₂ and removing CO₂

Circulatory System

circulating oxygenated blood

Cellular Respiration

taking in O₂ to make ATP and release CO₂

Diffusion

how gas enter and leaves cells

Name and describe the function of the 3 types of blood vessels.

Arteries- move oxygenated blood away from heart

Veins- move deoxygenated blood toward heart

Capillaries- smaller & where gas exchange happens to increase SA:V

Name and define the 2 types of circulatory systems?

Closed- blood flows through vessels (almost all vertebrates)

Open- blood flows freely (arthropods)

Where in the lungs does gas exchange happen?

the alveoli

Name describe 1 of the 2 weird adaptations to birds digestive tracts discussed in class.

Crop- pouch in their esophagus to store food

How does diffusion move?

From low to high concentration

Describe the relationship between elevation and Oxygen.

Higher elevation less O₂, lower elevation more O₂

How does air get in water?

diffusion and photosynthesis of plants

Where in the ocean is there more Oxygen and why?

more oxygen in the bottom of the ocean because there are less animals

Describe the relationship between temperature and Oxygen in water?

Higher temperature means less Oxygen (inverse relationship)

What does the movement of water do?

increase surface area to diffuse oxygen

Oxygen Minimum Zone

where oxygen is the lowest

Gas exchange

taking in oxygen in exchange for the release of carbon dioxide (occurs in all animals)

Gills

helps fills breathe in water using filament to increase SA:V & where gas exchange takes place

Countercurrent Exchange

blood flows through gills in the opposite direction water using diffusion

How do fish move water over their bodies?

fish (except sharks) gulp to move water over their gills

Skin breathing

breathing through thin skin with blood vessels close to the surface (grasshoppers, amphibians)

Where does gas exchange take place in humans?

the lungs

How does Oxygen move to the lungs?

1) Trachea (windpipe)

2) Lungs

3) Bronchioles (tubes for moving air)

4) Alveoli (where gas exchange happens)

Where is SA:V increased in the lungs?

bronchioles & alveoli

Diaphragm

moves lungs for breathing

Blood

fluid connective tissue

What do red blood cells do?

carry 4 oxygen molecules & carbon dioxide, and doesn’t have a nucleus

Hemolymph

fluid in the open circulatory system that transports nutrients and waste

What is the minimum amount of chamber all hearts have?

2

Name and define the two chamber of the heart.

Atrium- receives blood

Ventricle-