229 Ch 21 lecture

What are the four chambers of the heart?

Right atrium, left atrium, right ventricle, left ventricle.

What is the function of the septum in the heart?

It separates the right and left sides of the heart.

What do the epicardium, myocardium, and endocardium represent?

The three layers of tissue in the heart.

What is the role of the pericardium?

It surrounds and supports the heart, providing lubrication to reduce friction.

Define systole and diastole.

Systole is the contraction phase of the heart; diastole is the relaxation phase.

What is cardiac output?

The amount of blood pumped from the left ventricle to the body per minute.

What is a normal stroke volume?

Between 65 to 70 mL per beat.

What are the main pumps of the heart?

The right side pumps blood to the lungs (pulmonary circulation); the left side pumps blood to the body (systemic circulation).

What is heart failure in relation to blood flow?

It is a condition where the heart cannot pump effectively, leading to insufficient blood flow.

What do chemoreceptors in the cardiovascular system respond to?

They are sensitive to pH, CO2, and oxygen levels.

What do baroreceptors sense?

They detect blood pressure within the cardiovascular system.

What is the significance of the aorta?

It is the largest artery that carries oxygenated blood from the left ventricle to the body.

What is the basic structure of an artery?

Arteries are designed to carry oxygenated blood away from the heart under high pressure.

What medical conditions are particularly affecting cardiovascular health?

Substance abuse (meth and cocaine), sleep apnea, and lack of exercise.

What are signs of potential cardiac distress observed during a physical exam?

Distended jugular veins, irregular rhythm, and peripheral edema.

What lab tests are important for assessing heart health?

BUN, creatinine, calcium, potassium, and sodium.

What does effective gas exchange in the lungs require?

Normal respiration with good depth and patterns.

What factor affects the rate of blood flow in the cardiovascular system?

Heart rate and stroke volume.

What does a irregular cardiac rhythm indicate?

Potential issues with heart function or blood supply.

What aspect of patient care is emphasized for improving understanding of cardiac function?

Reviewing patient scenarios and case studies.

What is the primary function of the left atrium?

To receive oxygenated blood from the lungs via the pulmonary veins.

How does blood move from the right ventricle to the lungs?

Through the pulmonary arteries.

What is the cardiac cycle?

The sequence of events in one heartbeat, including systole and diastole.

What type of blood do the pulmonary veins carry?

Oxygenated blood.

What is the role of the valves in the heart?

To ensure one-way flow of blood and prevent backflow.

What is the function of coronary arteries?

To supply blood to the heart muscle itself.

What is atherosclerosis?

A condition characterized by the buildup of plaque in the arteries.

What is hypertension?

Persistently high blood pressure in the arteries.

How does exercise impact heart health?

It strengthens the heart muscle and improves overall cardiovascular fitness.

What is an electrocardiogram (ECG)?

A test that records the electrical activity of the heart.

• What is the normal heart rate for adults?

• Between 60 to 100 beats per minute.

• What is the purpose of the atrioventricular (AV) node?

• It regulates impulses between the atria and ventricles.

• What causes the 'lub-dub' sounds of the heart?

• They are the sounds of the heart valves closing.

• What is stroke volume?

• The amount of blood pumped by the heart in one beat.

• What happens during cardiac arrest?

• The heart stops beating effectively, leading to a stop in blood flow.

• What is coronary artery disease?

• A condition caused by the buildup of plaque in coronary arteries.

• What are the symptoms of a heart attack?

• Chest pain, shortness of breath, and nausea.

• How does high cholesterol affect heart health?

• It can lead to atherosclerosis and heart disease.

• What lifestyle changes can improve heart health?

• Regular exercise, healthy eating, and quitting smoking.

• What is a pacemaker?

• A device that helps regulate the heart's rhythm.

• What is the right atrium's function?

• To receive deoxygenated blood from the body via the superior and inferior vena cava.

• How does blood flow from the left ventricle to the aorta?

• Through the aortic valve.

• What is the sinoatrial (SA) node?

• The natural pacemaker of the heart that initiates electrical impulses.

• What is the main purpose of the pulmonary circulation?

• To carry deoxygenated blood from the right side of the heart to the lungs for oxygenation.

• How do veins differ from arteries?

• Veins carry deoxygenated blood back to the heart under lower pressure.

• What is peripheral edema?

• Swelling due to excess fluid in the body's tissues, often indicating heart problems.

• What are thrombolytics?

• Medications that dissolve blood clots in the vessel.

• What does the term 'cardiac preload' refer to?

• The volume of blood in the ventricles at the end of diastole.

• What is an angiogram?

• An imaging test that uses X-rays to view the body's blood vessels.

• What is the function of the left ventricle?

• To pump oxygenated blood to the body.

• What is the significance of heart rate variability?

• It indicates the heart's ability to respond to stress and maintain homeostasis.

• What is the role of atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP)?

• To help regulate blood pressure and fluid balance.

• What lifestyle factor can significantly reduce heart disease risk?

• Smoking cessation.

• What is mitral regurgitation?

• A condition where the mitral valve does not close properly, allowing blood to flow backward.

• What preventative measure can help avoid heart attacks?

• Regular health screenings and managing blood pressure.

• What is a coronary angioplasty?

• A procedure to open narrowed or blocked coronary arteries.

• What is the function of platelets?

• To help with blood clotting.

• How does stress affect heart health?

• Chronic stress can increase heart rate and blood pressure, contributing to heart disease.

• What is the main role of the cardiovascular system?

• To transport nutrients, oxygen, and hormones to cells and remove waste products.

• What factors can lead to a heart attack?

• Blocked arteries due to atherosclerosis and high cholesterol levels.