Studied by 1 personDuplication
A mutation that occurs when an extra copy of all or part of a chromosome is made
Translocation
A mutation that occurs when part of one chromosome breaks off and attaches to another one
MicroRNAs
________ attach to mRNA molecules and stop them from passing on their protein- making instructions.
Inversion
A mutation that occurs when parts of a chromosome change direction
Master control genes
________ are like switches that trigger particular patterns of development and differentiation in cells and tissues.
Genes
________ are made of instructions coded into DNA that tell cells how to build proteins.
Metamorphosis
________ involves a series of changes from one life stage to another and is usually regulated by factors inside and outside of the body.
Deletion
A mutation that occurs when part or all of a chromosome is lost
DNA sequence
An insertion adds a new base to the ________, and a deletion removes a base from the ________.
tRNA
The ________ molecules bring the correct amino acid for each codon on the mRNA.
Proteins
Are made of long chains of amino acids called polypeptides
rRNA
The ________ and many proteins make up the ribosomes.
eukaryotes
In ________, transcription occurs in the cells nucleus.
lactose
When ________ is present, it binds to the repressor, causing the release of the repressor, which then moves away from the operator; transcription can then take place.
Temperature
________ and population size can also affect the speed of metamorphosis.
Translation
A process by which the sequence of bases of an mRNA is converted into the sequence of amino acids of a protein; it is the decoding of an mRNA message into a protein
RNA
________ is usually single- stranded and not double- stranded.
Anticodon
A group of three bases on a tRNA molecule that are complementary to the three bases of a codon of mRNA
transcription
During ________, the enzyme RNA polymerase uses one strand of DNA as a template to put together nucleotides to make a strand of RNA.
Ribonucleic acid
A single-stranded nucleic acid that contains the sugar ribose
Gene expression
The way DNA, RNA, and proteins are involved in putting genetic information into action in living cells
genetic code
Insertions and deletions are also called frameshift mutations because they shift the "reading frame "of the ________; this change can alter a protein so much that it can not do its job.
tiny tools
Basically, proteins are ________, each one designed to build or run a part of a living cell.
amino acids
The shape and function of a protein are determined by its ________ and their sequence.
Transcription factors
________ control the expression of eukaryotic genes by binding DNA sequences in regulatory regions.
hormones act
The ________ to regulate gene expression, which controls the speed of metamorphosis.
codon AUG
The ________ acts as the "start "codon for protein synthesis.
Environmental changes
________ are translated into hormonal changes.
environmental factors
In all kinds of organisms, ________ like temperature can change gene expression.
Mutations
________ can help or harm organisms, though most mutations have little or no effect on genes.
discovery of RNAi
The ________ has made it possible for researchers to switch genes on and off by inserting double- stranded RNA into cells.
RNAi technology
________ may also provide a way for medical scientists to turn off genes from viruses and cancer cells; RNAi may provide new ways to treat, and maybe even cure, diseases.
mRNA molecule
The ________ carries the coded message that directs the process.
Special codons
________ tell the cell where to start and stop translating RNA.
RNA
________ contains four different bases: adenine (A), cytosine (C), guanine (G), and uracil (U), which are like the letters of a language called the genetic code.
Metamorphosis
________ is another example of how organisms can alter gene expression in response to environmental changes.
amino acid
Each word in the genetic code is three "letters, "or three bases; each three- base set is called a codon that specifies one ________.
genetic code
The ________ is read three "letters "at a time.
Mutations
________ that make changes in a single gene are known as gene ________.
RNA
The sugar in ________ is ribose instead of deoxyribose.
genetic code
The ________ is a code for making proteins; it is a collection of codons of mRNA, each of which directs the incorporation of a particular amino acid into a protein during protein synthesis.
RNA
There are three main differences between ________ and DNA.
RNA
________ contains uracil in place of thymine.
RNA
Promoters are signals in the DNA that show ________ polymerase exactly where to begin making ________.
RNA contains four different bases
adenine (A), cytosine (C), guanine (G), and uracil (U), which are like the letters of a language called the genetic code
There are four types of chromosomal mutations
deletion, duplication, inversion, and translocation
Messenger RNA
A type of RNA that carries copies of instructions for the assembly of amino acids into proteins from DNA to the rest of the cell
Ribosomal RNA
A type of RNA that combines with proteins to form ribosomes
Transfer RNA
A type of RNA that carries each amino acid to a ribosome during protein synthesis
Transcription
The synthesis of an RNA molecule from a DNA template, or pattern
Polypeptide
A long chain of amino acids that makes proteins
Genetic code
A collection of codons of mRNA, each of which directs the incorporation of a particular amino acid into a protein during protein synthesis
Codon
A group of three nucleotide bases in mRNA that specify a particular amino acid to be incorporated into a protein
Mutation
A change in the genetic material of a cell
Point mutation
A gene mutation in which a single base pair in DNA has been changed
Frameshift mutation
A mutation that shifts the “reading frame” of the genetic message by inserting or deleting a nucleotide
Mutagen
A chemical or physical agent in the environment that interacts with DNA and may cause a mutation
Polyploidy
A condition in which an organism has extra sets of chromosomes
Operon
In prokaryotes, a group of adjacent genes that share a common operator and promoter and are transcribed into a single mRNA
Operator
A short DNA region, adjacent to the promoter of a prokaryotic operon, that binds repressor proteins responsible for controlling the rate of transcription of the operon
RNA interference
The introduction of double-stranded RNA into a cell to inhibit gene expression
Homeotic gene
A class of regulatory genes that determine the identity of body parts and regions in an animal embryo. Mutations in these genes can transform one body part into another
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Flashcard (172)