Chapter 13: RNA and Protein Synthesis

Duplication

A mutation that occurs when an extra copy of all or part of a chromosome is made

Translocation

A mutation that occurs when part of one chromosome breaks off and attaches to another one

MicroRNAs

________ attach to mRNA molecules and stop them from passing on their protein- making instructions.

Inversion

A mutation that occurs when parts of a chromosome change direction

Master control genes

________ are like switches that trigger particular patterns of development and differentiation in cells and tissues.

Genes

________ are made of instructions coded into DNA that tell cells how to build proteins.

Metamorphosis

________ involves a series of changes from one life stage to another and is usually regulated by factors inside and outside of the body.

Deletion

A mutation that occurs when part or all of a chromosome is lost

DNA sequence

An insertion adds a new base to the ________, and a deletion removes a base from the ________.

tRNA

The ________ molecules bring the correct amino acid for each codon on the mRNA.

Proteins

Are made of long chains of amino acids called polypeptides

rRNA

The ________ and many proteins make up the ribosomes.

eukaryotes

In ________, transcription occurs in the cells nucleus.

lactose

When ________ is present, it binds to the repressor, causing the release of the repressor, which then moves away from the operator; transcription can then take place.

Temperature

________ and population size can also affect the speed of metamorphosis.

Translation

A process by which the sequence of bases of an mRNA is converted into the sequence of amino acids of a protein; it is the decoding of an mRNA message into a protein

RNA

________ is usually single- stranded and not double- stranded.

Anticodon

A group of three bases on a tRNA molecule that are complementary to the three bases of a codon of mRNA

transcription

During ________, the enzyme RNA polymerase uses one strand of DNA as a template to put together nucleotides to make a strand of RNA.

Ribonucleic acid

A single-stranded nucleic acid that contains the sugar ribose

Gene expression

The way DNA, RNA, and proteins are involved in putting genetic information into action in living cells

genetic code

Insertions and deletions are also called frameshift mutations because they shift the "reading frame "of the ________; this change can alter a protein so much that it can not do its job.

tiny tools

Basically, proteins are ________, each one designed to build or run a part of a living cell.

amino acids

The shape and function of a protein are determined by its ________ and their sequence.

Transcription factors

________ control the expression of eukaryotic genes by binding DNA sequences in regulatory regions.

hormones act

The ________ to regulate gene expression, which controls the speed of metamorphosis.

codon AUG

The ________ acts as the "start "codon for protein synthesis.

Environmental changes

________ are translated into hormonal changes.

environmental factors

In all kinds of organisms, ________ like temperature can change gene expression.

Mutations

________ can help or harm organisms, though most mutations have little or no effect on genes.

discovery of RNAi

The ________ has made it possible for researchers to switch genes on and off by inserting double- stranded RNA into cells.

RNAi technology

________ may also provide a way for medical scientists to turn off genes from viruses and cancer cells; RNAi may provide new ways to treat, and maybe even cure, diseases.

mRNA molecule

The ________ carries the coded message that directs the process.

Special codons

________ tell the cell where to start and stop translating RNA.

RNA

________ contains four different bases: adenine (A), cytosine (C), guanine (G), and uracil (U), which are like the letters of a language called the genetic code.

Metamorphosis

________ is another example of how organisms can alter gene expression in response to environmental changes.

amino acid

Each word in the genetic code is three "letters, "or three bases; each three- base set is called a codon that specifies one ________.

genetic code

The ________ is read three "letters "at a time.

Mutations

________ that make changes in a single gene are known as gene ________.

RNA

The sugar in ________ is ribose instead of deoxyribose.

genetic code

The ________ is a code for making proteins; it is a collection of codons of mRNA, each of which directs the incorporation of a particular amino acid into a protein during protein synthesis.

RNA

There are three main differences between ________ and DNA.

RNA

________ contains uracil in place of thymine.

RNA

Promoters are signals in the DNA that show ________ polymerase exactly where to begin making ________.

RNA contains four different bases

adenine (A), cytosine (C), guanine (G), and uracil (U), which are like the letters of a language called the genetic code

There are four types of chromosomal mutations

deletion, duplication, inversion, and translocation

Messenger RNA

A type of RNA that carries copies of instructions for the assembly of amino acids into proteins from DNA to the rest of the cell

Ribosomal RNA

A type of RNA that combines with proteins to form ribosomes

Transfer RNA

A type of RNA that carries each amino acid to a ribosome during protein synthesis

Transcription

The synthesis of an RNA molecule from a DNA template, or pattern

Polypeptide

A long chain of amino acids that makes proteins

Genetic code

A collection of codons of mRNA, each of which directs the incorporation of a particular amino acid into a protein during protein synthesis

Codon

A group of three nucleotide bases in mRNA that specify a particular amino acid to be incorporated into a protein

Mutation

A change in the genetic material of a cell

Point mutation

A gene mutation in which a single base pair in DNA has been changed

Frameshift mutation

A mutation that shifts the “reading frame” of the genetic message by inserting or deleting a nucleotide

Mutagen

A chemical or physical agent in the environment that interacts with DNA and may cause a mutation

Polyploidy

A condition in which an organism has extra sets of chromosomes

Operon

In prokaryotes, a group of adjacent genes that share a common operator and promoter and are transcribed into a single mRNA

Operator

A short DNA region, adjacent to the promoter of a prokaryotic operon, that binds repressor proteins responsible for controlling the rate of transcription of the operon

RNA interference

The introduction of double-stranded RNA into a cell to inhibit gene expression

Homeotic gene

A class of regulatory genes that determine the identity of body parts and regions in an animal embryo. Mutations in these genes can transform one body part into another