NUR 230 Exam 3

Culture

a set of beliefs, values, artistic, historical, or religious characteristics; customs common to a community or nation

spirituality

Belief that there is something greater than yourself, something more to being human than sensory experience

race

a concept used to describe a group of people who share physical characteristics, such as skin color and facial features

ethnicity

a special group characterized by a distinctive social and cultural tradition maintained from generation to generation

dyspnea

Shortness of breath

Tachypnea

Rapid breathing (more than 20 breaths/minute)

bradypnea

abnormal slowness of breathing (less than 12 per minute)

orthopnea

discomfort in breathing that is brought on by lying flat

hypoventilation

abnormally slow breathing resulting in increased CO2

hyperventilation

abnormally fast breaking resulting in decreased CO2

crepitus

the grating of a joint, often in association with osteoarthritis

fremitus

the vibration of the chest wall that results from sound vibrations

fine crackles

Inhaled air suddenly opens the small, deflated air passages that are coated and sticky with exudate

what do fine crackles sound like?

rubbing hair near your ear

fine crackle causes

pneumonia and congestive heart failure

coarse crackles

Inhaled air comes into contact with secretions in the large bronchi and trachea

what do coarse crackles sound like?

Low-pitched, bubbling, moist sounds, described as softly separating velcro

coarse crackles causes

pulmonary edema, pneumonia, pulmonary fibrosis

sibilant wheezes

Air passes through constricted passages (caused by swelling, secretions, or tumor)

what do sibilant wheezes sound like?

high pitched, musical

sibilant wheezes cause

acute asthma or emphysema

sonorous wheezes

Cause same as sibilant wheeze (constricted passages); but pitch of wheeze cannot be correlated to the size of the passageway that generate it

what do sonorous wheezes sound like?

moaning or snoring sounds

sonorous wheezes cause

bronchitis

adventitious sounds

Added sounds that are **not** normal findings

retractions

reduced air pressure inside your chest

S1

signals beginning of systole, closure of AV valves

S2

signals beginning of diastole, occurs with closure of semilunar valves

Murmur

turbulent blood flow when circulating through cardiac chambers

Systole

contraction of the heart, especially of the ventricle

diastole

normal postsystolic dilation of the heart cavities, during which they fill with bloo

bradycardia

slowness of the heartbeat (less than 60 bpm)

tachycardia

rapid beating of the heart (over 100 bpm)

dysrhythmia

abnormal rhythm of the heart

angina

chest pain caused by reduced blood flow to the heart

diaphoresis

perspiration

palpitations

forcible or irregular pulsation of the heart, perceptible to the patient

nocturia

excessive urination

bruit

the sound of blood flowing through a narrowed portion of an artery

hypoactive bowel sounds

less than 5 bowel sounds per minute

hyperactive bowel sounds

more than 30 bowel sounds per minute

normoactive bowel sounds

5-30 bowel sounds per minute

borborygmus

Rumbling or gurgling noises made by the movement of gas, fluid, or both in the intestines

protuberant

a swelling, protruding, or knoblike outgrowth

scaphoid

hollow

distension

swelling

hematemesis

vomiting blood

Emesis

vomit

Rebound tenderness

pain felt on the release of pressure on area

flexion

bending of a joint tso approximate the parts it connect

extension

an unbending movement around a joint that increases the angle

hyperextension

extension of a limb or part beyond normal limit

rotation

turning or movement around an axis

lateral bending (neck)

bending the neck sideways

adduction

moving towards the body

abduction

moving away from the body

pronation

facing downwards

supination

facing upwards

plantar (flexion)

movement that occurs when the foot is pointed downwards

dorsiflexion

movement that occurs when the foot is pointed upwards

tinnitus

sensation of noises in the ears

dysphasia

difficulty speaking

anesthesia

loss of sensation resulting from pharmacologic depression of nerve function

hyperalgesia

extreme sensitivity to painful stimuli

astereognosis

inability to recognize objects by touch

stereognosis

ability to recognize objects by touch

hyporeflexia

a condition in which the deep tendon reflexes are weakened

hyperreflexia

A condition in which the deep tendon reflexes are exaggerated