UNIT 5 LEARNING AND CONDITIONING

Conditioning

type of learning that involves stimulus based response connections

Classical Conditioning

Forming an association between two stimuli, resulting in a learned autonomic responses

Unconditioned Stimulus

naturally, automatically triggers an unlearned response or reflex

Neutral Stimulus

produces no particular response

Unconditioned Response

unlearned response, occurs naturally, automatically

Conditioned Stimulus

previously neutral stimulus that, after becoming associated with UCS, triggering a conditioned response

Conditioned Response

a learned reflective response to previously neutral response

Acquisition Period

stage of learning response

Taste Aversion

become sick after eating particular food

Law of Effect

Behaviors followed by satisfying outcomes are more likely to be repeated & those followed by unpleasant outcomes are less likely to be repeated

Operant Conditioning

Change is voluntary (somatic) behavior, learning occurs through rewards and punishments

Punishment

Undesirable outcome or consequence of behavior

Primary Reinforcer

Occurs naturally, doesn’t require learning in order to work

Secondary Reinforcer

Involves stimuli that become rewarding by being pairs with another reinforcing stimulus

Positive Punishment

Adding something unpleasant to weaken behavior

Negative Punishment

Removing something you like, want to get or continue having after a behavior occurs

Shaping

Process rewarding consecutively closer and closer approximations to desired behavior

Superstition

beliefs or attitudes that make connections between events that are related

Skinner Box

holds small animals, containing a bar or key that the animal can press to gain a reward

Spontaneous Recovery

Return of previously extinguished CR following a rest period

Extinction

CR decreases or disappears when CS is no longer paired with an UCS

Stimulus Discrimination

The ability to differentiate between stimuli that are different enough and have not been paired with UCS

Stimulus Generalization

The tendency to response to a stimulus similar to, but not identical to the CS

Over justification Effect

Being rewarded for doing something actually diminishes intrinsic motivation to perform that action

Variable-ratio Schedule

Response reinforced after unpredictable number or responses

Variable-Interval

Response is rewarded after unpredictable amount of time has passed

Fixed-Ratio

Reinforcement only after specific number of responses

Fixed-Interval

First response is rewarded only after a specified amount of time has elapsed

Cognitive Learning

a change in knowledge attributable to experience

Cognitive Map

a mental representation that allows an organism to acquire, store, and recall a real or spatial environment

Latent Learning

learning something but not showing behavior right away

Social Learning Theory

learning occurs through observation, imitation, and modeling and is influenced by factors such as attention, motivation, attitudes, and emotions

Modeling

the process through which children learn a large number of behaviors, skills, and ways of thinking and feeling without direct experience

Vicarious Reinforcement

More likely to imitate violence when adult either received no consequences or was rewarded

Vicarious Punishment

children who saw adult punished for aggressive behavior were less likely to repeat behaviors

Learned Helplessness

unable to advance or improve the situation you’re in, you give up

Negative Reinforcement

Removal of something unfavorable after a behavior

Positive Reinforcement

Adding something you like after the behavior

Reinforcement

pleasant consequence strengthens and/or enforces the behavior it follows

Schedule of Reinforcement

pattern defining how often a desired response will be reinforced