Unit 2 AP AAS

Slavery, civil war, reconstruction, and abolition of slavery

Ladinos

Individuals of mixed Native American and European ancestry.

Atlantic Creoles

Charter Generation of slaves during the European colonization of the Americas before 1660, with cultural roots in Africa, Europe, and the Caribbean.

Chattel Slavery

Enslaved persons owned forever, with their children also enslaved; viewed as property.

Conquistadors

Early-sixteenth-century Spanish adventurers who conquered Mexico, Central America, and Peru.

Juan Garrido

Part of a group of African freemen who participated in the Spanish conquest in the Americas.

The Middle Passage

The journey enslaved people took across the Atlantic Ocean, facing horrible conditions.

The Transatlantic Slave Trade

The trading of slaves from Africa to the Americas.

Slave Ship Diagram

Image showing the conditions enslaved Africans faced during the Middle Passage.

Abolitionists

People who believed that slavery should be outlawed.

Commodification

The process of giving something monetary value.

Deracination

Removing or separating from a native environment or culture.

La Amistad

19th century ship involved in a revolt led by Sengbe Pieh, carrying slaves to Cuba.

Cash Crop

Crop produced for its commercial value rather than for use by the grower.

Cotton Gin

Device invented by Eli Whitney in 1793 that increased agricultural production and required more enslaved labor.

Second Middle Passage

Massive trade of slaves from the upper South to the lower South between 1820-1860.

Gang System

Organization of slave field hands into working teams on southern plantations.

Task System

System of slave labor where slaves completed specific assignments each day.

Racial Nomenclature

Categories used to classify people based on perceived racial characteristics.

Mulatto

Person of mixed African and European ancestry.

Griffe

Person of mixed race, especially the offspring of a mulatto and a fully Black person.

Slave Codes

Laws controlling the lives of enslaved African Americans and denying basic rights.

Code Noir

Set of laws controlling the conduct of slaves during the French colonial period.

Stono Rebellion

Serious slave rebellion in SC where 100 African Americans rose up and attempted to escape.

South Carolina’s 1740 Slave Code

Harsh restrictions on enslaved people, including prohibitions against learning to write.

Dred Scott v. Sanford

Supreme Court ruling that Congress could not prohibit slavery in federal territories.

Partus Sequitur Ventrem

Legal principle stating that the status of a child follows that of the mother.

Racial Taxonomy

Race-based classification system.

Phenotype

Physical appearance or visible traits.

Hypodescent

The “one drop of blood rule” assigning mixed-race children to minority groups.

Spirituals

Religious folk songs blending biblical themes with slavery realities.

The American Colonization Society

Group buying land in Africa for free Black people, criticized by abolitionists.

Asylum in Spanish Florida

Policy granting freedom to runaways who converted to Catholicism.

Fort Mose

First free African settlement in America.

Haitian Revolution

Successful slave revolt leading to Haiti's independence and its first Black republic.

Maroon Communities

Communities formed by African refugees who escaped slavery.

German Coast Uprising

Largest slave rebellion in US history, inspired by the Haitian Revolution.

Maria Stewart

First Black woman to publicly lecture on women's rights and slavery.

Great Dismal Swamp

Area that served as a refuge for fugitive slaves in the 18th and 19th centuries.

Manumission

Grant of legal freedom to an individual slave.

Emigration

Migration from a location.

Anti-emigrationism

Opposition to immigrants or immigration.

Black Nationalism

Belief in the separate identity and racial unity of the African American community.

Fugitive Slave Acts

Harsh series of laws regarding the treatment of escaped slaves.

Integrationists

Advocates for social associations among different racial or ethnic groups.

The Underground Railroad

System of secret routes used by escaping slaves to reach freedom.

Combahee River Raid

Harriet Tubman’s operation to liberate over 700 slaves during the Civil War.

13th Amendment

Amendment abolishing slavery.

Juneteenth

June 19, 1865; day slaves were declared free in Texas.