Unit 2 AP AAS

Ladinos - Individuals of mixed Native American and European ancestry

Atlantic Creoles - Used to describe the Charter Generation of slaves during the European colonization of the Americas before 1660. They had cultural roots in Africa, Europe, and the Caribbean (sometimes)

Chattel Slavery - enslaved person who is owned for forever and whose children and their children were automatically enslaved. These enslaved people were viewed as property and were bought and sold

Conquistadors - early-sixteenth-century Spanish adventurers who conquered Mexico, Central America, and Peru (Cortez, Pizarro, etc.)

Juan Garrido - part of group of African freement who went to the Americas to take part in the Spanish conquest

The Middle Passage - part of the journey enslaved people took across the Atlantic Ocean to North America and the West Indies. These enslaved Africans faced horrible conditions during this, and many did not survive the voyage

The Transatlantic Slave Trade - trading of slaves from Africa to the Americas

Slave Ship Diagram - image that was utilized to show the conditions enslaved Africans faced on the ships during the Middle Passage, trying to limit the support of individuals on slave trade

Abolitionists - people who believed that slavery should be outlawed

Commodification - process where something is given monetary value

Deracination - to remove or separate from a native environment of culture; to remove the racial or ethnic characteristics/influences from a group

La Amistad - 19th century ship owned by a Spaniard-colonization Cuba. This carried many slaves. Sengbe Pieh was a West African man who led a revolt of many Africans on the ship

Cash Crop - crop produced for its commercial value rather than for use by the grower

Cotton Gin - helped to advance agricultural production; invented by Eli Whitney in 1793; increased the need for more enslaved Africans to keep up with the production

Second Middle Passage - massive trade of slaves from the upper South (Virginia, the Chesapeake) to the lower South (Gulf states) that took place between 1820-1860

Gang System - organization and supervision of slave field hands into working teams on southern plantations

Task System - system of slave labor where a slave had to complete a specific assignment each day. After their task was completed, they could do what they chose

Racial Nomenclature - categories used to classify people based on their perceived racial characteristics

Mulatto - person of mixed African and European ancestry

Griffe - person of mixed race, especially the offspring of a mulatto (person of mixed Black and white ancestry) and a person of fully Black ancestry

Slave Codes - Laws that controlled the lives of enslaved African Americans and denied them basic rights

Code Noir - set of laws controlling the conduct/actions of slaves during the French colonial period

Stono Rebellion - most serious slave rebellion in SC where 100 African Americans rose up, got weapons, and killed several whites then tried to escape to South Florida. The participants of this uprising were executed, but was a change from how rebellions had previously taken place, for before, they primarily tried to run away/escape (they had nowhere to go, though)

South Carolina’s 1740 Slave Code - put very harsh restrictions on what enslaved people could do, such as making it illegal for them to learn to write in English, earn money, etc. This also permitted slave owners to “kill rebellious slaves if necessary”

Dred Scott v. Sanford - SCOTUS ruled that Congress did not have the power to prohibit slavery in federal territories and slaves (seen as private property) could not be taken away without due process (slaves would remain slaves in non-slave states)

Partus Sequitur Ventrem - if your mother was a slave, you were too (identity is passed down)

Racial Taxonomy - race-based classification system

Phenotype - physical appearance / visible traits

Hypodescent - also known as the “one drop of blood rule” which assigned children of racially “mixed” unions to other groups

Spirituals - religious folk songs that blended biblical themes with the realities of slavery

The American Colonization Society - group who bought land in Africa to allow for free Black people to move there, helping them escape slavery. (However, most of the sponsors just wanted to get Black people out of their country, so they were heavily criticized by abolitionists, for they thought the ACS was trying to keep African Americans from having any real freedom or opportunity in the US)

Asylum in Spanish Florida - stated that runaways would be granted freedom in Florida if they converted to Catholicism (requiring baptism with Christian names, and serving 4 years in the colonial militia)

Fort Mose - first free African settlement in America

Haitian Revolution - successful slave result, resulting in the creation of Haiti, the first Black republic in the New World. Impacted the transatlantic slave trade and international policies. Was led by Toussaint L’Ouverture; the aftermath was that Haiti was forced to pay reparations to France for the loss of property, and this destroyed their economys’ strength and development

Maroon Communities - African refugees who escaped slavery in the Americans and created their own communities in Brazil and the Caribbean

German Coast Uprising - revolt of slaves of the Territory of Orleans. Was the largest slave rebellion in US history and was inspired by the Haitian Revolution and the French Declaration of the Rights of Man

Maria Stewart - first Black woman to lecture on women's rights and slavery in public in the early 1830s in Boston. She faced vocal opposition and violence

Great Dismal Swamp - area on the Virginia-NC border that was a refuge for fugitive slaves during the 18th and 19th centuries

Manumission - grant of legal freedom to an individual slave

Emigration - Migration from a location

Anti-emigrationsim - opposed to immigrants or immigration

Black Nationalism - belief in the separate identity and racial unity of the African American community

Fugitive Slave Acts - series of laws passed from 1787 to 1864 that dealt with the treatment of escaped slaves (very harsh and inhumane)

Integrationists - person who believes in, advocates, or practices social associations of people of different racial or ethnic backgrounds

The Underground Railroad - system of secret routes used by escaping slaves to reach freedom in the Northern US or in Canada

Combahee River Raid - Harriet Tubman led this during the Civil War, helping to liberate over 700 slaves in South Carolina

13th Amendment - abolition of slavery

Juneteenth- June 19, 1865; day slaves were declared free in Texas