Lymphatic/Immune system

What percentage of interstitial fluid becomes lymph without being recycled?

%10

Name 2 differences between lymph vessels and blood vessels.

Lymph vessels have dead ends wile blood vessels do not. Lymph vessels have no pumping mechanism like the heart in blood vessels

Lymph slows in a lymph node because there is only ____________ vessel through which it can leave.

Efferent

Through which 2 ducts does a lymph reenter the cardiovascular system?

Right lymphatic duct, thoracic duct

What does MALT stand for?

mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue (MALT)

Name the 2 lymph organs

spleen and thymus

How do lymph nodules differ structurally from lymph nodes and lymph organs

Lymph nodules are not enclosed in a capsule like lymph nodes and lymph organs are.

Identify the location of the following lymphatic structures:

thymus

tonsils

peyer's patches

spleen

Thymus- near sternum, Tonsils- side of throat, Peyer's patches- in intestine, spleen- upper left quadrant of abdomen

what prevents lymph from flowing backwards through the lymph vessels

valves

What is the main difference between innate defences and acquired defences

Innate defences are non specific, but acquired defences are adapted to particular antigens

Name 2 external barriers that are part of the innate immune system

Mucous Membrane, skin

What is the function of a phagocytic cell within the immune system

phagocytic cells engulf and digest foreign invaders

How does inflammation aid in the immune response

Inflammation causes blood vessels to dilate which brings leukocytes in faster. It also causes fever, which speeds up metabolism. Swelling Immobilizes the wounded area

The chemical signals used by cells to communicate during an immune response are called _________________.

cytokines

Substances that trigger an immune response are called ______________.

antigens

The humoral response works _________________ body cells are infected and the cell mediated response works ___________ body cells are infected

before,after

When a B-cell is activated, it produces what 2 types of cells?

plasma B-cells and memory B-cells

The Y-shaped molecules produced by B-cells to mark antigens for destruction are called:

antibodies

A patient has been bitten by a dog. You inject him with antibodies from a patent that already recovered from rabies. What type of humoral immunity is this?

artificially acquired immunity

Explain why antigen- presenting cells are important

Antigen-presenting cells help to magnify the immune response by activating helper T-cells

What is the function of a cytotoxic T-cell?

Cytotoxic T-cells cause lysis (apoptosis) of infected body cells

How is the secondary response to an infection different from the primary response? Why?

The secondary response is faster and stronger than the primary response because memory B-cells and memory T-cells recognize the antigen immediately.

How can a secondary immune response be artificially

A secondary response can be artificially induced by the administration of a vaccine which mimics the primary response