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2 ways to think about environment
altitude and temperature
Altitude means…
“thin air”: lower gas density, lower oxygen with each breath
Hyperventilation is…
immediate: high breath rate, high O2 delivery, high CO2 removal and acid-base balance changes
Hyperventilation can result in…
acute mountain sickness: headache and brain and lung swelling
Altitude body changes…
higher heart rate, higher O2 carrying capacity to create more RBCs and Hb per RBC
____% of energy is released as heat during exercise
80%
calorie definition
a unit of energy equivalent to the heat energy needed to raise the temperature of 1 gram of water by 1 °C
Exercise in the heat body effects sweat …
sweat evaporates off you and removes body heat, high humidity in the body and hyperthermia happens if sweat cant evaporate
Exercise in the heat body effects heart rate…
higher heart rate, more skin blood flow(higher peripheral vasodilation and heat dissipation), less muscle blood flow
Exercise in the heat body effects stroke volume…
lower stroke volume, high fluid loss, low blood volume, urine test used to determine these levels (fluid replenishment is vital)
Exercise in the cold effects on core temperature
Hypothermia lowers core body temperature, body shivers to move muscles to produce more heat
Exercise in the cold effects on peripheral vasoconstriction
low skin blood flow and heat dissipation, need to layer and hold sweat in to keep warmth and increase bodys metabolic rate, and increase blood flow to extremities
Types of body composition measurments…
BMI
hip to waist ratio
skinfold measurments
BIA (bioelectrical impedence analysis)
ultrasound
air displacement (bodpod)
hydrostatic underwater weighing
Dual Energy X ray absorbtiometry (DEXA/DXA)
BMI strengths
easy to calculate, strong correlation to health outcome
BMI weaknesses
not strongly coordinated to body fat, population specificity
hip to waist ratio strengths
easy to calculate, good for risk assessment
hip to waist weakness
doesnt give a lot of information
skinfold testing strengths
non invasive, fast, inexpensive
skinfold testing weaknesses
error is based on tester experience, not accurate for very obese people or very lean people, considers of surface fat not visceral fat
BIA strengths
relatively inexpensive, portable, home use,
BIA weaknesses
hydration effects results, prediction based on prediction, 8-12% margin of error for outliers
Ultrasound strengths
portable, relatively inexpensive, potentially very accurate
ultrasound weaknesses
accuracy depends on algorithm, potential user error, gel (messy)
Bod Pod strengths
very accurate, easy to use, non-invase
Bod pod weaknesses
claustrophobia, specialized equipment, requires privacy
underwater weighing strengths
very accurate, considered a long time standard
underwater weighing weaknesses
uncomfy, needs privacy, messy
DEXA/DXA strengths
precise, provides localized data, also scans bone density
DEXA/DXA weaknesses
expensive, uncommon, specialized equipment
