AP Psychology - Thinking & Creativity

● Criterion validity

________: measures how well the test correlates with the outcome.

● Occams Razor

________: the idea that simplest solution is the one that should be used ○ Getting rid of everything that doesnt work leads you to what does work.

● Face validity

________: when the construction of the test is consistent in meaning and interpretation.

○ Syllogism

________: a step- by step process of moving from true one statement to another ■ Ex: if A= B and B= C, then A= C.

Gc

■ ________- Crystalized Intelligence: an idea that supports that some intelligence is learned through experience and uses heuristics to develop.

● Hinders

________ abstract abilities (skills in language, reading, writing, math, reasoning, knowledge, and memory), social abilities (refers to empathy, social judgement, communication between persons), practical skills (centers on self- management: personal care, job responsibilities money management)

psychological response

Stress: the physical and ________ to factors that challenge homeostasis and functioning.

● Hindsight

________ bias: the tendency to see past events as predictable, called the "I knew it all along "effect.

Prodigy

________: a child who has an amazing, adult- like ability.

● Self

________- serving bias: the tendency to make decisions based on what allows people to feel good about themselves.

Functional Fixedness

________: assuming that a device or an object serves only one purpose or may only be used in one way (Life hacks !)

Self Fulfilling

________ Prophecy: the tendency for a person to act a certain way because they are expected to or they expect themselves to.

● Standardization

________: when results from a test are compared to scores from similar tests done with different subjects.

Ruminative thinking

________: cognition that repeats in a negative pattern that hinders creativity or the creation of new solutions.

● Belief Perseverance

________: emotion- based reasoning of an idea that has been proven wrong or has significant evidence against it.

■ Mental Models

________: the learned assumption of how specific things work.

Intellectual disability

________: a condition of limited mental ability that may be genetic, chemical, or neglectful factors.

Stereotype Threat

________: the idea that memory of groups who are thought to have one quality will conform to that expectation when tested or asked about that quality.

Noam Chomsky

An idea brought up by ________ that says that humans must learn language /communication in some way, despite biological hindrances.

● Convergent thinking

________: selecting the most efficient, straightforward solution from a list of solutions.

● Overconfidence bias

________: the tendency for a person to place too much faith in his or her opinion even in the absence of a reasonable explanation.

○ Overjustification

________ effect: offering more motivation for a behavior that a person generally admires will lead them to associate that behavior with a reward that they believe is "less than "what their admiration is worth; weakens intrinsic motivation.

● Heuristic

________: a way of problem solving through common sense and without a set, logical method.

●

________ Anchoring bias: the tendency to jump to conclusions by thinking of an improbable yet scary solution rather than the reasonable outcome.

Gf

■ ________- Fluid Intelligence: an idea that says that the brain quickly processes large amounts of information.

○ Flynn Effect

________: an idea that proposes that each generation seems to score higher on tests even when those scores are adjusted.

● Construct validity

________: the degree to which the test accurately measures what it was designed to measure.

■ Script

________: an expected prediction of what will occur in a given situation ● This is why pranks work.

● Confirmation bias

________: the tendency to look for information that confirms an existing belief.

● Content validity

________: when the test contains relevant and pertinent elements that are representative of the construct.

● Algorithm

a way of solving a problem through following a set method, whether it be step-by step or another method

○ Examples

a doctors diagnosis, grid searches

○ Elaboration likelihood

the probability that a person will think deeply about a problem

○ Bottom-up thinking

see definition above

● Heuristic

a way of problem solving through common sense and without a set, logical method

■ Schema (Piagets idea) mental set

a way of thinking or a point-of-view

■ Script

an expected prediction of what will occur in a given situation ● This is why pranks work

■ Mental Models

the learned assumption of how specific things work

○ Overjustification effect

offering more motivation for a behavior that a person generally admires will lead them to associate that behavior with a reward that they believe is "less than" what their admiration is worth; weakens intrinsic motivation

● Divergent thinking

the cognition of multiple solutions to an issue or question ○ How many ways can you use a piece of paper

● Lateral thinking

using a different or unique process to think differently or uniquely ○ Think outside of the box

● Convergent thinking

selecting the most efficient, straightforward solution from a list of solutions

● Occams Razor

the idea that simplest solution is the one that should be used ○ Getting rid of everything that doesnt work leads you to what does work

Stress

the physical and psychological response to factors that challenge homeostasis and functioning

● Yerkes-Dodson Theory

while small amounts of stress do inspire creativity, too much of it ends up plateauing and eventually decreasing creativity

Ruminative thinking

cognition that repeats in a negative pattern that hinders creativity or the creation of new solutions

Catastrophizing

the name for thinking of the worst possible outcome to a given scenario

Mental set/Schema

the description that if a proposed solution does not fit preconceived notions, it will not be considered as a possible option

Functional Fixedness

assuming that a device or an object serves only one purpose or may only be used in one way (Life hacks! )

● Anchoring bias

the tendency to jump to conclusions by thinking of an improbable yet scary solution rather than the reasonable outcome

● Availability bias

the tendency to rely on available (known) information and find a solution that is easy

● Confirmation bias

the tendency to look for information that confirms an existing belief

● Hindsight bias

the tendency to see past events as predictable, called the "I knew it all along" effect

● Overconfidence bias

the tendency for a person to place too much faith in his or her opinion even in the absence of a reasonable explanation

● Self-serving bias

the tendency to make decisions based on what allows people to feel good about themselves

● Belief Perseverance

emotion-based reasoning of an idea that has been proven wrong or has significant evidence against it

● Sunk Cost Fallacy

erroneous idea that to persevere through an issue will keep from previous efforts being wasted

● Framing

the way the problem or solution was proposed has an affect on your notions or decisions about that problem or solution

● Critical period

if the brain has not learned a specific skill in a given amount of time, it will never be learned or will take significant effort to do so

● Sensitive period

the length of time in which the brain is more susceptible to learning, therefore making it easier to learn

● Linguistic determinism

the idea that words, grammar, and syntax determine what type of thoughts a person has

● Linguistic relativism

words, grammar, and syntax influence what type of thoughts a person has

)

an idea brought up by Noam Chomsky that says that humans must learn language/communication in some way, despite biological hindrances

Factor Analysis

complex statistical technique that finds a relationship between items of information

○ Multiple Intelligences (Howard Gardner)

while most other tests emphasize math and linguistics, Gardners theory expands intelligence to include eight factors (see above)

○ Daniel Goleman expanded on the interpersonal and intrapersonal intelligences and came up with four things in emotional intelligence (aka being intelligent in the matters of emotions)

delay gratification, self-soothe, know your own emotions, and know others emotions

■ Emotional Intelligence (EQ)

a controversial form of intelligence in the field of psychology

○ G = general mental ability

an idea of Charles Spearman

■ Fluid vs Crystallized Intelligence theory

Cattel was known for his

● Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale

considered one of the best intelligence tests, assesses a range of intellectual abilities in verbal comprehension, reasoning, working memory, and processing speed

● Standardization

when results from a test are compared to scores from similar tests done with different subjects

● Reliability

the consistency of scores in a test to determine its ability to be accurately considered

○ Split-in-Half technique

splitting a test into equal parts and determining the separate scores on those halves in order to determine the reliability of the test

○ Flynn Effect

an idea that proposes that each generation seems to score higher on tests even when those scores are adjusted

Validity

the extent that a test measure what it intends to measure, calculated by comparing how well the results from a test correlate with other measures that assess what the test is supposed to predict

● Content validity

when the test contains relevant and pertinent elements that are representative of the construct

○ Example

does the test ask about all the things that fall into the area that the test should be asking

● Construct validity

the degree to which the test accurately measures what it was designed to measure

○ Example

how can the abstract idea of intelligence be translated into something that can be measured

● Criterion validity

measures how well the test correlates with the outcome

○ Ex

does the test match an independent measure

● Predictive validity

the measure of how well a test predicts the future performance ○ SAT has a high predictive validity if the data set is large enough

Note

these tests lose their accuracy as the data set gets smaller or if it is used to predict a single individual

● Face validity

when the construction of the test is consistent in meaning and interpretation

○ Example

the AP psych exam curriculum is divided into units

Intellectual disability

a condition of limited mental ability that may be genetic, chemical, or neglectful factors

● Hinders abstract abilities (skills in language, reading, writing, math, reasoning, knowledge, and memory), social abilities (refers to empathy, social judgement, communication between persons), practical skills (centers on self-management

personal care, job responsibilities money management)

Prodigy

a child who has an amazing, adult-like ability

Psychometric Tests

tests and considers the participants knowledge, which may be culturally biased or different than those who made the test

Stereotype Threat

the idea that memory of groups who are thought to have one quality will conform to that expectation when tested or asked about that quality

● Framing

label the test as something its not

Self-Fulfilling Prophecy

the tendency for a person to act a certain way because they are expected to or they expect themselves to