Test Block One

Reversible and Irreversible cell injury.

What are the two major types of cellular injury?

It's temporary and can recover if the stimulus is removed, often illustrated by hydropic changes.

What characterizes Reversible Cell Injury?

High doses of heavy metals, anoxia, severe or prolonged hypoxia.

What causes Irreversible Cell Injury?

Hydropic change, which involves an influx of water into the cytoplasm leading to cell swelling.

What is an example of Reversible Cellular Alterations?

Pyknosis (condensation of chromatin), Karyorrhexis (nucleus fragmentation), Karyolysis (dissolution of nucleus).

What are the nuclear changes that occur during Irreversible Cellular Injury?

Hypoxia is low oxygen levels, while Anoxia refers to the complete absence of oxygen.

What defines Hypoxia and Anoxia in terms of cellular injury?

Direct toxins like heavy metals or indirect toxins resulting from metabolites, such as carbon tetrachloride.

What type of toxins can cause cell injury?

Hypertrophy refers to an increase in cell size, whereas Hyperplasia refers to an increase in cell number.

What is the major differentiation between Hypertrophy and Hyperplasia?

The process of one cell type transforming into another, for example, ciliated epithelium changing to squamous epithelium due to smoking.

What is Metaplasia in cellular adaptation?

Necrosis is uncontrolled cell death due to injury, causing inflammation, while Apoptosis is programmed cell death that is a normal part of development.

What is the main difference between Necrosis and Apoptosis?

Calor (heat), Rubor (redness), Tumor (swelling), Dolor (pain), and Loss of Function.

What are the signs of inflammation according to Celsus?

Initial vasoconstriction is followed by vasodilation, increasing blood flow to the affected area.

What happens during the circulatory changes in inflammation?

The movement of immune cells (e.g., PMNs) toward the site of injury guided by chemoattractants.

What does the process of Chemotaxis involve in inflammation?

Genetic predispositions, environmental triggers, and dysregulation of the immune system.

What are common causes of autoimmune diseases?

IgM, IgG, IgA, IgE, and IgD, each serving different immune functions.

What are the primary classes of immunoglobulins?

Mediated by IgE and involves immediate allergic reactions such as anaphylaxis.

What characterizes Type I hypersensitivity?

To aid in opsonization, promote cell lysis, and enhance inflammatory responses.

What is the role of complement proteins in inflammation?

Tumors are classified based on tissue type and behavior as benign or malignant.

What defines the histologic classification of tumors?

Benign tumors grow slowly, are well-differentiated, and do not metastasize, while malignant tumors grow rapidly, invade, and metastasize.

What distinguishes benign tumors from malignant tumors?

Cachexia, weight loss, neurological symptoms, and signs of obstruction.

What are the systemic symptoms often seen with neoplasms?

Low hemoglobin levels, reticulocyte count, and specific parameter abnormalities based on the type of anemia.

What are the typical lab findings associated with Anemia?

Reduced production of globin chains leading to microcytic, hypochromic red blood cells.

What is the primary effect of Thalassemia on red blood cells?

Prolonged bleeding, easy bruising, and hemarthroses (bleeding into joints).

What are common clinical features of Hemophilia?

Presence of monoclonal proteins in serum and urine, along with characteristic bone lesions.

What marks the diagnosis of multiple myeloma?

Proper matching of blood types to prevent hemolytic reactions.

What is a critical aspect of managing Transfusion Reactions?

Management typically focuses on observation, followed by treatment based on symptoms and disease progression.

What are the key therapy strategies for Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia (CLL)?