Ap Psych Important People (copy)

Tolman

Cognition:

studied rats and discovered the “cognitive map” in rats and humans

Raymond Cattell

intelligence:

fluid & crystal intelligence; personality testing: 16 Personality Factors (16PF personality test)

Tolman

Cognition:

studied rats and discovered the “cognitive map” in rats and humans

Raymond Cattell

intelligence:

fluid & crystal intelligence; personality testing: 16 Personality Factors (16PF personality test)

Alfred Adler

neo-Freudian, psychodynamic:

Contributions:

inferiority complex, organ inferiority;

Studies:

birth order influences personality

Kurt Lewin

social psychologist:

was a German refugee who escaped Nazis, proved the Democratic style of leadership is most productive; studied effects of 3 leadership style on children completing activities

Hans Eysenck

personality theorist:

asserted that personality is largely determined by genes, used introversion/extroversion

Elizabeth Kubler-Ross

developmental psychology:

wrote “On Death and Dying”: 5 stages the terminally ill go through when facing death

• (1. denial, 2. anger, 3. bargaining, 4. depression, 5. acceptance)

David Rosenhan

did a study in which healthy patients were admitted to psychiatric hospitals and diagnosed with schizophrenia; showed that once you are diagnosed with a disorder, the label is hard to overcome in a mental health setting, even when behavior indicates otherwise

Stanley Schacter

emotion:

stated that in order to experience emotions, a person must be physically aroused and know the emotion before experiencing it

Phineas Gage

Was a railroad worker who was impaled through the eye by a stake, survived, but brain damage completely changed his behavior and personality. The study of his case played a role in developing key ideas about the localization of function in the brain.

Aaron Beck

was a pioneer in cognitive therapy. He suggested that negative internal beliefs were a cause for depression.

Abraham Maslow

humanistic psychology:

hierarchy of needs, self-actualization, transcendence

Albert Bandura

was a pioneer in observational learning (social learning), stated that people profit from the mistakes/successes of other people

Studies:

Bobo dolls, kids behavior influenced by parents actions

Albert Ellis

pioneer in rational-emotive therapy (RET), focuses on altering client’s patterns of irrational thinking to reduce maladaptive behavior and emotions

Alfred Adler

neo-Freudian, Psychodynamic:

Contributions:

inferiority complex, organ inferiority

Studies:

birth order influences personality

Alfred Binet

pioneer in (IQ) tests, designed a test to identify slow learners in need of help

Anna Freud

child psychoanalysis:

emphasized the importance of the ego and its constant struggle

Anna O.

diagnosed with hysteria, treated by Josef Breuer for severe cough, paralysis of the extremities on the right side of her body, and disturbances of vision, hearing, and speech, as well as hallucinations and loss of consciousness. Her treatment is seen as the beginning of psychoanalysis

Benjamin Wharf

language:

his hypothesis is that language determines the way we think

B.F. Skinner

Behaviorist:

pioneer in operant conditioning, idea that behavior is based on an organism’s reinforcement history, Skinner Box

Carl Jung

neo-freudian, analytical psychology:

developed the idea of archetypes, a collective unconscious, dream studies/interpretation

Carl Rogers

humanist:

Contributions:

founded client-centered therapy, human potential for positive growth, unconditional positive regard

Carol Gilligan

Ran moral development studies to follow up Kohlberg. She studied girls and women and concluded that they placed lower on his 6 stage scale because they focused more on relationships rather than laws and principles.

Charles Darwin

biologist:

he developed theory of evolution, transmutation of species, natural selection, and evolution by common descent

Charles Spearman

intelligence:

found that specific mental talents were highly correlated, concluded that all cognitive abilities showed a common core which he labeled 'g' (general ability)

Clark Hull

motivation theory:

drive reduction; maintained that the goal of all motivated behavior is the reduction or alleviation of a drive state, this is the mechanism through which reinforcement operates

Daniel Goleman

emotional intelligence

Darley & Latane

social psychology:

bystander effect, diffusion of responsibility

David McClelland

achievement motivation:

developed a scoring system for the TAT to use to assess achievement

David Weschler

intelligence testing:

created the WAIS, WISC, WPPSI, intelligence tests for adults

Herman Ebbinghaus

Memory:

discovery of the learning curve, forgetting curve, and the spacing effect

Edward Thorndike

behaviorist:

developed the Law of Effect; when a behavior receives a positive response it is more likely to be repeated, and when a behavior receives a negative response, it is more likely to not be repeated

Ekman & Fresen

facial emotion is the same across cultures and societies of the world

Elizabeth Loftus

cognition and memory:

showed how easily memories could be influenced by techniques like leading questions and illustrated the potential for inaccuracy in eyewitness testimony

Erik Erikson

neo-Freudian, humanist: