psych 223 mideterm 1 flashcards - ualberta

down syndrome - description, treatment and incidence

description: a extra chromosome chases mild to severe intellectual disability and physical abnormalities

treatment: surgery, early intervention, infnat stimulation and special learning programs

incidence:

1 in 1900 birth at age 20

1 in 300 births at age 35

1 in 30 births at age 45

kleinefelter sydrome (xxy)

description: extra x chromosome causes physical abnormalities — low testosterone and infertility risk

treatment: hormone therapy can be effective

incidence: 1 in 600 male births

fragile x syndrome

desc: an abnormality in the x chromosome can cause intellectual disabilities or short attention span

treatment: special education, speech and language therapy

incidence: more common in males than in females

turner syndrome (XO)

desc: missing x chromosome in females can cause intellectual disability and sexual underdevelopment

• webbed feet, shorter neck

treatment: hormonone therapy in childhood and puberty

incidence: 1 in 2500 fem births

XXY syndrome

desc: an extra y chromosome can cause above average height

treatment: none

incidence: 1 in 1000 male births

cystic fibrosis

desc: glandular dysfunction that interferes with mucus production, breathing and digestion are hampered; resulting in a shortened life span

treatment: physical and oxygen therapy, synthetic enzymes and antibiotics: most individuals live to middle age

incidence: 1 in 2000 births

diabetes

desc: body does not produce enough insulin, which causes abnormal metabolism of sugar

treatment: early onset can be fatal unless treated with insulin

incidence: 1 in 2500 births

hemophilia

desc: delayed blood clotting causes internal and external bleeding ( think tsar of russia)

treatment: blood tranfusion/injections can reduce or prevent damage due to internal bleeding

incidence: 1 in 10 000 males

huntingtons disease

desc: central nervous system deteriorates, producing problems in muscle coordination and mental deterioration

treatment: does not usually appear until age 35 and older, death likely 10 to 20 years after symptoms appear

incidence: 1 in 20 000 births

phenylketonuria (PKU)

desc: metabolic disorder, if left untreated causes intellectual disability ARE U KIDDING

treatment: special diet can result in average intelligence and normal life span

incidence: 1 to 10 000 - 20 000 births

sickle - cell anemia

desc: blood disroder that limits the bodys oxygen supply; it can cause joint swelling as well as heart and kidney failure

treatment: penicillin, medication of pain, antibiotics and blood transfusions

incidence: 1 in 400 african american children (young amongst other groups)

spina bifida

desc: neural tube disorder that causes brain and spine abnormalities

treatment: corrective surgery at biruth, orthopedic devices nd physical/medical therapy

incidence: 2 in 1000 births

tay-sachs disease

deceleration of mental and physical development caused by an accumulation of lipids in the nervous system

treatment: medication and special diet used but deat is likely at 5 years of age

incidence; 1 in 30 american jews are carriers

freud’s oral stage

• oral behaviours like sucking your thumb

• characteristics: passive, dependant and gullible

• birth - 18 months

freud’s anal stage

• driven by child’s toilet training — satisfied that infant is not as dependant ie. occurs during toilet training, where children gain pleasure from controlling bowel/bladder movements, leading to a focus on autonomy and self-control

• characteristics: (think um.. anal retentive and anal expulsive): control, order v disorganized and messy (respectively) — clench and release you could say

• 1.5 - 3 years

freud’s phallic stage

• focus on genitals — oedipus and electra complex

• characteristics: flirtatious, vain, jealous, competitive

• 3-6 years in age

freud’s latency stage

• impulses repressed — for now ig — represses sexual interest and develops social and intellectual skills

• 6- puberty

freud’s genital stage

• basically a continuation of the phallic stage but more repressed

• re- awakening of sexual desire etc

• puberty onwards

id

primal urges, hedonism, follows pleasure principle

ego

rationalization and reasoning — follows reality principle

superego (superman)

consciousness and morals — whats good and whats bad??

develops around 5-6 yo — possibly follows reality principle as well

sigmund freud

believed in the unconscious forces to determine both personality and behaviour

erik erikson

believed in social motivations and the desire to affiliate with others is a central influence in development

erikson’s psychosocial development theory: age 1

trust v mistrust — infant develops sense of security

erikson’s psychosocial development theory: age 1-3

autonomy v shame/doubt — infant achieves a sense of independence

erikson’s psychosocial development theory: age 3-5

initiative v guilt — child finds balance between spontaneity and restraint

erikson’s psychosocial development theory: age 6- puberty

industry v inferiority — child attains a sense of self confidence, focusing on mastering academic, social and physical skills

erikson’s psychosocial development theory: adolescence

identity v role confusion — adolescent experiences a sense of self by exploring roles, beliefs and career paths (lots of possible change here)

erikson’s psychosocial development theory: early adulthood

intimacy v isolation — adults form personal relationships that are close

erikson’s psychosocial development theory: middle adulthood

generativity v stagnation — adult promotes the well being of other people

erikson’s psychosocial development theory: late adulthood

integrity v despair — adult will look back on their life w satisfaction

watsons' classical conditioning

learning process where a certain stimulus becomes associated with an automatic, involuntary response

eg. throwing a sock at aidan

• the degree at which the question is displayed matters the most in order to get the msot truthful response

skinner’s operant conditioning

behaviour is modified by consequences, utilizing the idea of reinforcement — increasing or decreasing the likelihood of voluntary behaviour recurring

• skinner box, rats

bandura’s sopcial cognitive theory

the idea that learning occurs in a social context with a dynamic interaction between people, their behaviour and the environment

• ie, people learn by observing others and through cognitive processes like self-efficacy, expectations and self regulation

Piaget theory of congitive development

children move through four distinct stages, sensorimotor, preoperational, concrete operational and formal operational

• cognitive development tends to be viewed more in terms of discontinuous and qualitative change (more abstract ideas and approaches)

• in an information processing approach: cognitive development is viewed in terms of continuous and quantitative (numerical and logisitical)

sensorimotor stage

infants constructs understanding of the world by coordinating their sensory experiences with -physical actions — its kinda self explanatory

sensory motor — focus on sqesory and motoric systems — eg. picking shit up

1. Substage 1: 0-1 months: reflexes 

2. Substage 2: 1-4 months: primary circular reactions 

3. Substage 3: 4-8 months: secondary circular reactions 

4. Substage 4: 8-12 months: coordination of secondary schemes 

5. Substage 5:  12-18 months: tertiary circular reactions 

6. Substage 6: 18-24 months: beginnings of mental representation 

preoperational stage

child begins to represent world with words and images — increased by symbolic thinking

• eg. creating an abstraction — simplification of things in the world

concrete operational stage

child can now reason logically about concrete events - ie. their brain set in and now they can think consciously and logically

formal operational stage

adolescence! reasonings are more idealistic, abstract and logical ways (basically it ties everything up an now the adolescent is able to fo anything)

bioecological approach

different cells of the environment simultaneously impact an individual

*** - development reflects the influences of several environmental systems

• important to note: theory states that a child needs at least omne adult they can depend on

bioecological approach: micro

immediate environment —> you as a person

eg. age, sex, health

bioecological approach: meso

relationships and immediate networks

eg. family, friends, support groups

bioecological approach: exo

places/people that do not directly involve themsevles with you —> kinda like acquaintances

eg., neighbours, social media, non-invasive coworker relationships

bioecological approach: macro

the outermost layer including bigger ideas in your life

• basically its things you associate with in your everday life that you may not even realize

eg. culture, societal values, laws, beleif systems, political ideologies

bioecological approach: chronosystem

broad socio-historical circumstances that influence an individuals development throughout their lifespan

eg. time, major life events (moving , divorce, marriage etc) —> think: a normal person lifecycle. what does everyuone have in common that they are most likely to do in their lives??

vygotskys sociocultural theory

complex forms of thinking originate in social interactions rather than private explorations

• similar to albert bandura?

• fuck around and find out mentality —> going in blind lol

scaffolding

a process in wihch an individual learns new skills as result of being guided by someone who is more skilled (like an older sibling or parent)

zone of proximal development

tasks that are too difficult for a child to complete, therefore they need to be accomplished with guidance

• its the sweet spot where tasks are challenging but achievable with support (scaffolding)

• optimal learning (maximizing the gathering of info and gaining knowledge in ways that are not too extreme)

evolutionary perspective

behaviour can be understood in terms of our genetic inheritance from our ancestors

• martin seligman

• according to evolutionary theorists, many of the mental health struggles of today is a result of disconnection from community. — we are hard wired for it

contextual perspective

considers the association between individuals and their physical , cognitive, personality and social worlds

• bioecological theory

• bronfenbremmer, vygotsky

ethological theory

proposes the idea that behaviour in both animaals and humans is rooted in biology and evolution, serving adaptive functions for survival

imprinting

the rapid, irreversible attachment a young animal/ human (baby lol) forms to the first moving object it encounters during a critical early period, often following it as a parent

• specific time frames during which the presence or absence of certain experiences has long lasting influences (think your emo era, your bikeriders era)

• jacob imprinting on renesmee

chromosomes

threadlike structures located in the nucleus of each human cell

DNA

deoxyribosenucleicacid - complex molecule with double helix shape

• red blood cell do not carry DNA since they need all the space they can get to move oxygen

genes

basic units of hereditary info

• direct cells to reproduce and assemble proteins that direct body processes

human genome project

mapping of complete set of developmental instructions for creating proteins to create human organism

• for some, genetic variability is extrememly important as it can protect from illnesses

mitosis (standard)

cells nucleus including chromosomes duplicates itself and divides into two cells formed with identical genetic makeup

meiosis (sex cells)

specialized process of cell division using the sex cells — egg and sperm — cell nucleus duplicates twice to make 4 new cells

• each cell with 23 unpaired chromosomes (haploid) —> one copy of each chromosome

dominant - recessive gees

dominant geens overrides the expression of recessive genes

sex linked genes

x-links inheritance results when a mutated gene is carried on the x chromosome

• females are carriers, while males may EXHIBIT x-linked disease

polygenetic inheritance

when multiple gene pairs are responsible for the production of a trait

ultrasound sonography

high frequncy waves scan womb to produce image

choriononic villus sampling

test that takes samples of placenta tissue

• used to detect genetic defects

• contingent o how far along you are

amniocentesis

identifying genetic disorders by examining a small sample of fetal cells from amniotic fluid

• contingent on how far along you are

behavioural genetics

investigates the influence of heredity and environment on ndividual differences in human traits and development

multifactorial transmission

traits are determined by a combination of genetic and environmental factors

twin study

behavioural similarity of identical twins compared with fraternal twins

• identical twins share 100% DNA, fraternal twins 50%

adoption study

whether adopted children’s behaviour and psychological characteristics are more like adoptive or biological parents

heredity-environment correlations

indiv. genes may influence environments to which they are exposed

passive genotype-environment correlation

biological parents who are fenetically related to child provide a particular environment

evocative genotype- environment correlation

child’s characteristics will elicit either positive or negative experiences from others depending on their personality

• bubbly = bubbly

active (niche picking) genotype-environment correlations

when children seek out environment they found compatible and stimulating

• eg, whyte ave

• trial child — experiences occurring within the family may be part of nonshared environment

big five

1. openness - receptivity to new ideas and experiences

2. conscientiousness — the tendency to be responsible, organized, hardworking etc

3. extraversion — outgoing, sociable, energetic etc

4. agreeableness — prosocial behaviour

5. neuroticism — tendency to experience negative emotions

germinal period

two weeks after conception — shortest stage of fetal development

• blastocycst travels through uterus and buries in uterine wall

embryonic period

2-8 weeks after conception — embryo firmly in place, major organs and basic anatomy form

3 layers from out to in: ectoderm, mesoderm, endoderm

 ectoderm

hair, skin, sense orans, spinal cord

mesoderm

nuscles, bones, blood, circ. systems

endoderm (indo- inside)

digestive system, liver, pancreas, respiratory system

pregnancy issues include

infertility, miscarriage, abortion and teratogen —- any agent—including drugs, chemicals, infections, or radiation—that can cause structural or functional abnormalities, birth defects, or fetal death when a person is exposed to it during pregnancy.

fetal period

8 weeksuntil birth — somersault, cry, hiccup, clench fists, open and close eyes, suck thumb (start of oral stage)

stages of birth

1. Beginning of uterine contractions(6-12 hours usually wtf) 

8-10 minutes apart 

• Cervix stretches and opens to 10 cm 
  

2. Baby begins to move through birth canal (~90 min) 

Contraction come almost every minute 

Mother bears down to push baby out 

3. afterbirth 

placenta , umbilical cord and membranes detached a expelled 

However, tremendous variability around birth and around contractions 

apgar scale

predictive of survival rate - assess the health of newborns at one and five minutes of birth

Postpartum blues

elings of anxiety upset, ocd, depression, etc especially if there are already risk factors before pregnancy (more likely to have the blues esp if u already seem to have something going on mentally) 

• Major depression postpartum: major episode that occurs about 34 weeks after delivery 

• Strong feelings of sadness, anxiety, despair, trouble coping with daily tasks 

• May worsen without treatment 

• both mother and father can have this

newborn abilities

• Sucking

• Swallowing

• Rooting

• Coughing

•  Sneezing

• Blinking 

Cephalocaudal pattern

starts at head, focuses on head etc - top to bottom 

proximodal distal pattern

starts ar center of body and works its way out

nervous system

Comprises the brain and nerves that exist throughout the body – born with 100 neurons 

infant brain

Infants brain 25% adult weight 

Connectivity between neurons blooms (PRUNING AND BLOOMING) – therefore increasing efficiency with these neural connections 

sensitive period

limited and specific time in which organism is sensitive to environmental changes etc – it need affection be nice when they cry 

• In typical infants there is more neural activity, brain tends to be larger, 

sleep for infants

usually sleep for 16-17hours

after 6 months — move closer to a regular adult sleeping pattern

half sleep in rem must be nice)

rooting reflex

when infant’s cheek is stroked or side of mouth is touched, infant will turn head and try to suh (k) on sum

gross motor skills

the use of large muscles groups in arms, legs and toso

Nonorganic failure to thrive 

infants who receive adequate nutrition but appear as though they have been food deprived - they are actually emotionally deprived and exhibit qualities: – they are touch starved literally 

• Underdeveloped 

• Listless 

• Apathetic 

Ecological view

directly perceive information that exists in the world around us

visual perception

at birth, nerves, muscles and lens of eyes are still developing

• estimated 20/200 to 20/600 - normal adult vision can see 200-600 ft while infant only 20 ft)

• will stare to show interest i human faces - matching fae to voice

• color vision corrects slowly

perceptual constancy

sensory stimulation is chaging but perception remains constant

size constancy

recognition of object remains the same even tough retinal images changes as yu move toward or away from the object

shape constancy

recognition that an object remains that same shape even though uts orientation to us changes — mental roation

depth perception

visual perception of depth affected by experience

• unknown how early in life infants perceive depth

auditory perception

even in womb, fetus respons to sounds outside

• more sensitive to higher and lower frequencies than adults — increases during the first 2 years and assists in linguistic acquisition