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Territoriality
________: available space for territories or nesting may be limited, thus controlling the population.
Microclimate
________: determined by fine- scale variations such as sunlight and temperature differences under a log compared with the surrounding forest floor.
Ecological Footprint
________: refers to the total land and water area needed for all the resources a person consumes in a population.
carbon dioxide
Increasing ________ and other greenhouse gas concentrations are warming Earth, wind and precipitation patterns are shifting, and extreme weather events are occurring more frequently.
Uniform
________: evenly spaced dispersion is often the result of antagonistic interactions.
Life history traits
________ are evolutionary outcomes not conscious decisions by organisms.
Ecology
________: the scientific study of the interactions between organisms and the environment.
Demographic Transition
________: occurs when a population goes from high birth rates and death rates to low birth rates and low death rates.
II Survivorship Curve
Type ________: shows a constant death rate over the organisms life span.
III Survivorship Curve
Type ________: shows very high early death rates, then a flat rate for the few surviving until reaching the older age groups.
abiotic factors
Both biotic and ________ influence the reproductive fitness of individuals in a population and are major forces of natural selection.
Climate
________: the long- term prevailing weather conditions in a given area.
Density
________: the number of individuals per unit area or volume, increases by births or immigration and decreases by deaths or emigration.
Density dependent factors
________ regulate population size by negative feedback.
Predation
________: as prey populations increase, predators may find the prey more easily.
Random
________: shows unpredictable spacing, occurs in the absence of strong attractions or repulsions among individuals or where resources are relatively constant across an area.
Demography
________: the study of vital statistics of a population, especially birth, death, and migration rates.
essential nutrients
Competition for Resources: as population density increases, competition for resources intensifies (can include competition for food, space, or ________)
Macroclimate
________: work at the global, regional, or local level.
Traits
________ that affect an organisms schedule of reproduction and survival make up its life history.
Dispersion
________: the pattern of spacing among individuals with the boundaries of the population.
Biomes
________: are the major types of ecosystems that occupy very broad geographic regions.
high rates of reproduction
There are trade offs between ________ and percentages of surviving offspring.
Age Structure Pyramids
________: show the relative number of individuals of each age in a population and can be used to predict and explain many demographic patterns.
Disease
________: increasing densities allow for easier transmission of diseases.
Species distributions
________ are a consequence of both ecological factors and evolutionary history.
K Selection
________: Selection of life history traits that are sensitive to population density and carrying capacity.
maximum population
Carrying Capacity: a population defined as the ________ size that a certain environment can support at a particular time with no degradation of the habitat.
Abiotic Factors
________: the nonliving, chemical, and physical components.
Ecology
the scientific study of the interactions between organisms and the environment
Climate
the long-term prevailing weather conditions in a given area
Macroclimate
work at the global, regional, or local level
Microclimate
determined by fine-scale variations such as sunlight and temperature differences under a log compared with the surrounding forest floor
Climate Change
a directional change to the global climate that lasts three decades or more (as opposed to short-term changes in the weather)
Biomes
are the major types of ecosystems that occupy very broad geographic regions
Biotic Factors
include interactions with other species through predation and herbivory, parasites, pathogens, and competing organisms
Abiotic Factors
the nonliving, chemical, and physical components
Population
a group of individuals of a single species living in the same general area
Population Ecology
explores how biotic and abiotic factors influence the density, distribution, size, and age structure of populations
Density
the number of individuals per unit area or volume, increases by births or immigration and decreases by deaths or emigration
Dispersion
the pattern of spacing among individuals with the boundaries of the population
Clumped
individuals in patches, usually around a required resource
Uniform
evenly spaced dispersion is often the result of antagonistic interactions
Random
shows unpredictable spacing, occurs in the absence of strong attractions or repulsions among individuals or where resources are relatively constant across an area
Demography
the study of vital statistics of a population, especially birth, death, and migration rates
Type I Survivorship Curve
shows low death rates during early life and midlife; then the death rate increases sharply in older age groups
Type II Survivorship Curve
shows a constant death rate over the organisms life span
Type III Survivorship Curve
shows very high early death rates, then a flat rate for the few surviving until reaching the older age groups
Exponential Population
growth refers to population growth under ideal conditions
Carrying Capacity
a population defined as the maximum population size that a certain environment can support at a particular time with no degradation of the habitat
Logistic Growth Model
the per-capita rate of increase declines as carrying capacity is reached
Construct the logistic model by starting with the exponential model and adding an expression that reduces the per-capita rate of increase as N approaches K
dN/dt = rmaxN(K-N)/K
K-Selection
Selection of life history traits that are sensitive to population density and carrying capacity
R-Selection
selection for traits that maximize reproductive success in uncrowded environments
Density Independent
When the death rate does not change with an increase in population density
Competition for Resources
as population density increases, competition for resources intensifies (can include competition for food, space, or essential nutrients)
Territoriality
available space for territories or nesting may be limited, thus controlling the population
Disease
increasing densities allow for easier transmission of diseases
Predation
as prey populations increase, predators may find the prey more easily
Demographic Transition
occurs when a population goes from high birth rates and death rates to low birth rates and low death rates
Age Structure Pyramids
show the relative number of individuals of each age in a population and can be used to predict and explain many demographic patterns
Ecological Footprint
refers to the total land and water area needed for all the resources a person consumes in a population
Chapter 54
Community Ecology
Note 
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