Studied by 2 people
what is a hydrocarbon
a compound consisting of only hydrogen and carbon atoms
give me 2 properties of a homologous series
same general formula
similar physical properties
what is crude oil
mixture containing hydrocarbons and impurities
found naturally underground
explain fractional distillation of crude oil
crude oil is heated until most has boiled
passes into fractionating column and rise up, cooler at the top than bottom
fractions with higher boiling points condense lower down while ones with higher b.p. keep rising and condense higher up
hence each fraction is collected and separated
why is cracking done?
larger hydrocarbons are less useful as fuels but have more supply than demand
cracking converts them into smaller hydrocarbons to meet their demand as fuels
and also into alkenes to make polymers
3 ways alkanes change as they get bigger
boiling point increases
viscosity increases
burns less cleanly
substitution reaction of alkanes CONDITIONS
UV light
substitution reaction of alkanes REACTANT
halogen
what is meant by the term saturated
compound containing only C-C single bonds between carbons
what is meant by the term unsaturated
compound containing a C-C double or triple bond
test for alkenes
add bromine water
mixture decolourises from orange
products in any complete combustion reaction
carbon dioxide and water
CONDITION for alkene addition reaction w/ halogen
UV
PRODUCT for alkene addition reaction w/ halogen (chlorine + butene)
dichlorobutane
CONDITION for alkene addition reaction w/ hydrogen
Ni catalyst
150 celsius
PRODUCT for alkene addition reaction w/ hydrogen
alkane
CONDITION for alkene addition reaction w/ water (hydration)
conc. phosphoric acid catalyst
300 celsius
60-70 atm
PRODUCT for alkene addition reaction w/ water (hydration)
alcohol
what is polymerisation
when several monomers join together to make a long chain polymer
how to make ethanol chemical method + conditions
hydration of ethene
300 celsius, 60-70 atm, conc. phosphoric acid catalyst
2 types of polymerisation and reactants
addition - alkene
condensation - diol, dicarboxylic acid
how to make ethanol biological way + conditions
fermentation of glucose
30 celsius, anaerobic, yeast
alcohol functional group
-OH
alcohol general formula
Cn H2n+1 OH
why might ethane have a lower b.p. than hexane
shorter main carbon chain
weaker intermolecular forces
less energy to overcome them
why might propan-1-ol have a higher b.p. than propan-3-ol
propan-1-ol has a flatter shape due to -OH position
more contact surface area
stronger intermolecular forces
more energy to overcome
how to make esters + condition + byproduct
alcohol + carboxylic acid
conc. sulfuric acid catalyst
water
carboxylic acid functional group
-COOH
carboxylic acid general formula
Cn-1 H2n-1 COOH
what kind of acid is carboxylic acid
weak (partially dissociates)
2 property of esters
fruity scent
low b.p
carboxylic acid ion that bonds with metals to form salts
___COO (everything minus the last H)
ester functional group
-COO-
what is the reverse reaction of esterification
hydrolysis
dehydration of ethanol to produce ethene CONDITION
hot aluminium oxide
Note 
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